# $PDL::PP::deftbl is an array-ref of
#   PDL::PP::Rule->new("Name1", "Name2", $ref_to_sub)
# where Name1 represents the target of the rule, Name2 the condition,
# and the subroutine reference is the routine called when the rule is
# applied.
#
# If there is no condition, the argument can be left out of the call
# (unless there is a doc string), so
#   PDL::PP::Rule->new("Name1", $ref_to_sub)
#
# The target and conditions can also be an array reference, so
#   PDL::PP::Rule->new("Name1", ["Name2","Name3"], $ref_to_sub)
#   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["Name1","Name2"], "Name3", $ref_to_sub)
#   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["Name1","Name2"], ["Name3","Name4], $ref_to_sub)
#
# If a doc string exists then the condition must also
# be supplied, even if it is just [] (ie no condition).
#
# There are specialized rules for common situations. The rules for the
# target, condition, and doc arguments hold from the base class (ie
# whether scalar or array values are used, ...)
#
# Return a constant:
#
# PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new($targets [,$conditions [,$doc]], $value)
# is used to return a constant. So
#   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("Name1", "foo")
#
# This class is specialized since there are some common return values:
#   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::Zero->new($targets [,$conditions [,$doc]])
#   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::One->new($targets [,$conditions [,$doc]])
#   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString->new($targets [,$conditions [,$doc]])
#   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::NULL->new($targets [,$conditions [,$doc]])
# which return 0, 1, "", and "NULL" respectively
#
# The InsertName class exists to allow you to return something like
#   "foo<routine name>bar"
# e.g.
#  PDL::PP::Rule::InsertName->new("Foo", '_pdl_%s_bar')
#  PDL::PP::Rule::InsertName->new("Foo", "Arg2", '_pdl_%s_bar')
# Note that the Name argument is automatically used as a condition, so
# it does not need to be supplied, and the return value should be
# given as a string and use a %s where the name goes
#
# The Substitute rule replaces dollar-signed macros ($P(), $ISBAD(), etc)
# with the low-level C code to perform the macro.
#   PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new($target,$condition)
# $target and $condition must be scalars.

package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule;

use strict;
use warnings;

use Carp;

use overload ('""' => \&PDL::PP::Rule::stringify);
sub stringify {
    my $self = shift;

    my $str = ref $self;
    if ("PDL::PP::Rule" eq $str) {
	$str = "Rule";
    } else {
	$str =~ s/PDL::PP::Rule:://;
    }
    $str = "($str) ";
    $str .= "[".join(",", @{$self->{targets}||[]})."]";
    $str .= "<-[".join(",", @{$self->{conditions}||[]})."] ";
    $str .= $self->{doc} if exists $self->{doc};
    return $str;
}

# Takes two args: the calling object and the message, but we only care
# about the message:
sub report ($$) { print $_[1] if $::PP_VERBOSE; }

# Very limited error checking.
# Allow scalars for targets and conditions to be optional
#
# At present you have to have a conditions argument if you supply
# a doc string
my $rule_usage = "Usage: PDL::PP::Rule->new(\$targets[,\$conditions[,\$doc],] [,\$ref])\n";
sub new {
    die $rule_usage if @_ < 2 or @_ > 5;
    my $class = shift;
    my $self = bless {}, $class;
    my $targets = shift;
    $targets = [$targets] unless ref $targets eq "ARRAY";
    $self->{targets} = $targets;
    return $self if !@_;
    $self->{ref} = pop if ref $_[-1] eq "CODE";
    my $conditions = shift // [];
    $conditions = [$conditions] unless ref $conditions eq "ARRAY";
    $self->{conditions} = $conditions;
    $self->{doc} = shift if defined $_[0];
    $self;
}

# $rule->any_targets_exist($pars);
#
# Returns 1 if any of the targets exist in $pars, 0 otherwise.
# A return value of 1 means that the rule should not be applied.
sub any_targets_exist {
    my $self = shift;
    my $pars = shift;

    my $targets = $self->{targets};

    foreach my $target (@$targets) {
	if (exists $pars->{$target}) {
	    $self->report("--skipping since TARGET $target exists\n");
	    return 1;
	}
    }
    return 0;
}

# $rule->all_conditions_exist($pars);
#
# Returns 1 if all of the required conditions exist in $pars, 0 otherwise.
# A return value of 0 means that the rule should not be applied.
sub all_conditions_exist {
    my $self = shift;
    my $pars = shift;
    return 1 unless my @nonexist = grep !/\?$/ && !exists $pars->{$_}, @{$self->{conditions}};
    $self->report("--skipping since CONDITIONs (@nonexist) do not exist\n");
    0;
}

# $rule->should_apply($pars);
#
# Returns 1 if the rule should be applied (ie no targets already
# exist in $pars and all the required conditions exist in $pars),
# otherwise 0.
#
sub should_apply {
    my $self = shift;
    my $pars = shift;
    return 0 if $self->any_targets_exist($pars);
    return 0 unless $self->all_conditions_exist($pars);
    return 1;
}

# my @args = $self->extract_args($pars);
sub extract_args {
    my ($self, $pars) = @_;
    @$pars{ map {(my $r=$_)=~s/\?$//;$r} @{ $self->{conditions} } };
}

# Apply the rule using the supplied $pars hash reference.
#
sub apply {
    my $self = shift;
    my $pars = shift;

    carp "Unable to apply rule $self as there is no subroutine reference!"
      unless exists $self->{ref};

    my $targets = $self->{targets};
    my $conditions = $self->{conditions};
    my $ref = $self->{ref};

    $self->report("Applying: $self\n");

    return unless $self->should_apply($pars);

    # Create the argument array for the routine.
    #
    my @args = $self->extract_args($pars);

    # Run this rule's subroutine:
    my @retval = $ref->(@args);

    # Check for any inconsistencies:
    confess "Internal error: rule '$self' returned " . (1+$#retval)
      . " items and expected " . (1+$#$targets)
		unless $#retval == $#$targets;

    $self->report("--setting:");
    foreach my $target (@$targets) {
		$self->report(" $target");
		confess "Cannot have multiple meanings for target $target!"
		  if exists $pars->{$target};
		my $result = shift @retval;

		# The following test suggests that things could/should be
		# improved in the code generation.
		#
		if (defined $result and $result eq 'DO NOT SET!!') {
			$self->report (" is 'DO NOT SET!!'");
		} else {
			$pars->{$target} = $result;
		}
	}
	$self->report("\n");
}


package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule::Croak;

# Croaks if all of the input variables are defined. Use this to identify
# incompatible arguments.
our @ISA = qw(PDL::PP::Rule);
use Carp;

sub new {
    croak('Usage: PDL::PP::Rule::Croak->new(["incompatible", "arguments"], "Croaking message")')
		unless @_ == 3;
    shift->SUPER::new([], @_);
}

sub apply {
    my ($self, $pars) = @_;
    $self->report("Applying: $self\n");
    croak($self->{doc}) if $self->should_apply($pars);
}

package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule::Returns;
use strict;
use Carp;

our @ISA = qw (PDL::PP::Rule);

# This class does not treat return values of "DO NOT SET!!"
# as special.
#
sub new {
    my $class = shift;
    my $value = pop;
    my $self  = $class->SUPER::new(@_);
    $self->{"returns.value"} = $value;
    my $targets = $self->{targets};
    croak "There can only be 1 target for a $self, not " . (1+$#$targets) . "!"
      unless $#$targets == 0;
    return $self;
}

sub apply {
    my $self = shift;
    my $pars = shift;

    carp "Unable to apply rule $self as there is no return value!"
      unless exists $self->{"returns.value"};

    my $target = $self->{targets}->[0];

    $self->report("Applying: $self\n");

    return unless $self->should_apply($pars);

    # Set the value
    #
    $self->report ("--setting: $target\n");
    $pars->{$target} = $self->{"returns.value"};
}

package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::Zero;

use strict;

our @ISA = qw (PDL::PP::Rule::Returns);

sub new {
    shift->SUPER::new(@_,0);
}

package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::One;

use strict;

our @ISA = qw (PDL::PP::Rule::Returns);

sub new {
    shift->SUPER::new(@_,1);
}

package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString;

use strict;

our @ISA = qw (PDL::PP::Rule::Returns);

sub new {
    shift->SUPER::new(@_,"");
}

package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::NULL;

use strict;

our @ISA = qw (PDL::PP::Rule::Returns);

sub new {
    shift->SUPER::new(@_,"NULL");
}

package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule::InsertName;

use strict;
use Carp;
our @ISA = qw (PDL::PP::Rule);

# This class does not treat return values of "DO NOT SET!!"
# as special.
sub new {
    my $class = shift;
    my $value = pop;
    my @args  = @_;
    my $self  = $class->SUPER::new(@args);
    $self->{"insertname.value"} = $value;
    # Generate a default doc string
    $self->{doc} ||= "Sets $self->{targets}->[0] to \"$value\"";
    my $targets = $self->{targets};
    croak "There can only be 1 target for a $self, not " . (1+$#$targets) . "!"
      unless @$targets == 1;
    unshift @{$self->{conditions}}, "Name"; # add "Name" as first condition
    return $self;
}

sub apply {
    my $self = shift;
    my $pars = shift;
    carp "Unable to apply rule $self as there is no return value!"
      unless exists $self->{"insertname.value"};
    $self->report("Applying: $self\n");
    return unless $self->should_apply($pars);
    # Set the value
    my $target = $self->{targets}[0];
    $self->report ("--setting: $target (name=$pars->{Name})\n");
    $pars->{$target} = sprintf $self->{"insertname.value"}, $pars->{Name};
}

# PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new($target,$condition)
#   $target and $condition must be scalars.
package # hide from PAUSE/MetaCPAN
  PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute;

use strict;
use Carp;
our @ISA = qw (PDL::PP::Rule);

sub badflag_isset { "($_[0]->state & PDL_BADVAL)" }

# Probably want this directly in the apply routine but leave as is for now
sub dosubst_private {
    my ($src,$sname,$pname,$name,$sig,$compobj,$privobj) = @_;
    my $ret = (ref $src ? $src->[0] : $src);
    my @pairs;
    for ([$compobj,'COMP'], [$privobj,'PRIV']) {
        my ($cobj, $which) = @$_;
	my ($cn,$co) = map $cobj->$_, qw(othernames otherobjs);
        push @pairs, 'DO'.$which.'ALLOC' => sub {
          join '', map $$co{$_}->get_malloc("\$$which($_)"),
            grep $$co{$_}->need_malloc, @$cn
        };
    }
    my %syms = (
      @pairs,
      ((ref $src) ? %{$src->[1]} : ()),
      PRIV => sub {return "$sname->$_[0]"},
      COMP => sub {my $r="$pname->$_[0]";$sig->other_is_output($_[0])?"(*($r))":$r},
      CROAK => sub {"return PDL->make_error(PDL_EUSERERROR, \"Error in $name:\" @{[join ',', @_]})"},
      NAME => sub {return $name},
      MODULE => sub {return $::PDLMOD},
      PDLSTATESETBAD => sub { ($sig->objs->{$_[0]}//confess "Can't get PDLSTATESETBAD for unknown ndarray '$_[0]'")->do_pdlaccess."->state |= PDL_BADVAL" },
      PDLSTATESETGOOD => sub { ($sig->objs->{$_[0]}->do_pdlaccess//confess "Can't get PDLSTATESETGOOD for unknown ndarray '$_[0]'")."->state &= ~PDL_BADVAL" },
      PDLSTATEISBAD => sub {badflag_isset(($sig->objs->{$_[0]}//confess "Can't get PDLSTATEISBAD for unknown ndarray '$_[0]'")->do_pdlaccess)},
      PDLSTATEISGOOD => sub {"!".badflag_isset(($sig->objs->{$_[0]}//confess "Can't get PDLSTATEISGOOD for unknown ndarray '$_[0]'")->do_pdlaccess)},
      P => sub { (my $o = ($sig->objs->{$_[0]}//confess "Can't get P for unknown ndarray '$_[0]'"))->{FlagPhys} = 1; $o->do_pointeraccess; },
      PDL => sub { ($sig->objs->{$_[0]}//confess "Can't get PDL for unknown ndarray '$_[0]'")->do_pdlaccess },
      SIZE => sub { ($sig->dims_obj->ind_obj($_[0])//confess "Can't get SIZE of unknown dim '$_[0]'")->get_size },
      SETNDIMS => sub {"PDL_RETERROR(PDL_err, PDL->reallocdims(__it,$_[0]));"},
      SETDIMS => sub {"PDL_RETERROR(PDL_err, PDL->setdims_careful(__it));"},
      SETDELTABROADCASTIDS => sub {PDL::PP::pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, <<EOF)},
{int __ind; PDL_RETERROR(PDL_err, PDL->reallocbroadcastids(\$PDL(CHILD), \$PDL(PARENT)->nbroadcastids));
for(__ind=0; __ind<\$PDL(PARENT)->nbroadcastids; __ind++)
  \$PDL(CHILD)->broadcastids[__ind] = \$PDL(PARENT)->broadcastids[__ind] + ($_[0]);
}
EOF
      %PDL::PP::macros,
    );
    my $known_pat = join '|', map quotemeta, sort keys %syms;
    while (my ($before, $kw, $args, $other) = macro_extract($ret, $known_pat)) {
      confess("$kw not defined in '$ret'!") if !$syms{$kw};
      $ret = join '', $before, $syms{$kw}->(split_cpp($args)), $other;
    }
    $ret;
}

# split like C pre-processor - on commas unless in "" or ()
my $extract_spec = [
  sub {Text::Balanced::extract_delimited($_[0], '"')},
  sub {Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed($_[0], '()')},
  qr/\s+/,
  qr/[^",\(\s]+/,
  { COMMA => qr/,/ },
];
sub split_cpp {
  my ($text) = @_;
  require Text::Balanced;
  my ($thisstr, @parts);
  while (defined(my $n = Text::Balanced::extract_multiple($text, $extract_spec, undef, 1))) {
    if (ref $n) { push @parts, $thisstr // ''; $thisstr = ''; }
    else { $thisstr = '' if !defined $thisstr; $thisstr .= $n; }
  }
  push @parts, $thisstr if defined $thisstr;
  s/^\s+//, s/\s+$// for @parts;
  @parts;
}

sub macro_extract {
  require Text::Balanced;
  my ($text, $pat) = @_;
  return unless $text =~ /\$($pat)\s*(?=\()/;
  my ($before, $kw, $other) = ($`, $1, $');
  (my $bracketed, $other) = Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed($other, '(")');
  $bracketed = substr $bracketed, 1, -1; # chop off brackets
  $bracketed =~ s:^\s*(.*?)\s*$:$1:;
  ($before, $kw, $bracketed, $other);
}

sub new {
    die "Usage: PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new(\$target,\$condition);"
      unless @_ == 3;
    my ($class, $target, $condition) = @_;
    die "\$target must be a scalar for PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute" if ref $target;
    die "\$condition must be a scalar for PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute" if ref $condition;
    $class->SUPER::new($target, [$condition, qw(StructName ParamStructName Name SignatureObj CompObj PrivObj)],
				  \&dosubst_private);
}

package PDL::PP;

use strict;

our $VERSION = "2.3";
$VERSION = eval $VERSION;

our $macros_xs = pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, <<'EOF');
#include "pdlperl.h"
EOF

our $header_c = pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, <<'EOF');
/*
 * THIS FILE WAS GENERATED BY PDL::PP from %s! Do not modify!
 */

#define PDL_FREE_CODE(trans, destroy, comp_free_code, ntpriv_free_code) \
    if (destroy) { \
	comp_free_code \
    } \
    if ((trans)->dims_redone) { \
	ntpriv_free_code \
    }

#include "EXTERN.h"
#include "perl.h"
#include "XSUB.h"
#include "pdl.h"
#include "pdlcore.h"
#define PDL %s
extern Core* PDL; /* Structure hold core C functions */
EOF
our $header_xs = <<'EOF';

Core* PDL = NULL; /* Structure hold core C functions */

MODULE = %1$s PACKAGE = %2$s PREFIX=pdl_run_

PROTOTYPES: DISABLE

EOF
our $header_xsboot = pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, <<'EOF');
BOOT:
   /* Get pointer to structure of core shared C routines */
   /* make sure PDL::Core is loaded */
EOF

use Config;
use Exporter;
use Data::Dumper;

our @ISA = qw(Exporter);

our @EXPORT = qw/pp_addhdr pp_addpm pp_bless pp_def pp_done pp_add_boot
                      pp_add_exported pp_addxs pp_add_isa pp_export_nothing
                      pp_add_typemaps
                      pp_core_importList pp_beginwrap pp_setversion
                      pp_addbegin pp_line_numbers
                      pp_deprecate_module pp_add_macros/;

$::PP_VERBOSE    = 0;

our $done = 0;  # pp_done has not been called yet

use Carp;

sub nopm { $::PDLPACK eq 'NONE' } # flag that we don't want to generate a PM

sub import {
  my ($mod,$modname, $packname, $base, $callpack, $multi_c, $deep) = @_;
  # Allow for users to not specify the packname
  ($packname, $base, $callpack) = ($modname, $packname, $base)
          if ($packname =~ m|/|);
  $::PDLMOD=$modname; $::PDLPACK=$packname; $::PDLBASE=$base;
  $::CALLPACK = $callpack || $::PDLMOD;
  $::PDLMULTI_C = $multi_c; # one pp-*.c per function
  $::PDLMULTI_C_PREFIX = $deep ? "$base-" : "";
  $::PDLOBJ = "PDL"; # define pp-funcs in this package
  $::PDLXS="";
  $::PDLOVERLOAD="";
  $::PDLBEGIN="";
  $::PDLPMROUT="";
  for ('Top','Bot','Middle') { $::PDLPM{$_}="" }
  @::PDLPMISA=('PDL::Exporter', 'DynaLoader');
  @::PDL_IFBEGINWRAP = ('','');
  $::PDLVERSIONSET = '';
  $::PDLMODVERSION = undef;
  $::DOCUMENTED = 0;
  $::PDLCOREIMPORT = ""; #import list from core, defaults to everything, i.e. use Core
                         # could be set to () for importing nothing from core. or qw/ barf / for
                         # importing barf only.
  @::PDL_LVALUE_SUBS = ();
  @_=("PDL::PP");
  goto &Exporter::import;
}

sub list_functions {
  my ($file) = @_;
  my @funcs;
  undef &PDL::PP::pp_def;
  local *PDL::PP::pp_def = sub { push @funcs, (_pp_parsename($_[0]))[0]};
  undef &PDL::PP::pp_done;
  local *PDL::PP::pp_done = sub {};
  $::PDLMOD = $file;
  $_ ||= '' for $::CALLPACK, $::PDLOBJ; # stop warnings
  require File::Spec::Functions;
  do ''.File::Spec::Functions::rel2abs($file);
  die $@ if $@;
  @funcs;
}

our %macros;

sub pp_add_macros {
  confess "Usage: pp_add_macros(name=>sub {},...)" if @_%2;
  %macros = (%macros, @_);
}

sub pp_beginwrap {
	@::PDL_IFBEGINWRAP = ('BEGIN {','}');
}

sub pp_setversion {
	my ($ver) = @_;
	$ver = qq{'$ver'} if $ver !~ /['"]/;
	$::PDLMODVERSION = '$VERSION';
	$::PDLVERSIONSET = "our \$VERSION = $ver;";
}

sub pp_addhdr {
	my ($hdr) = @_;
	$::PDLXSC .= $hdr;
	$::PDLXSC_header .= $hdr if $::PDLMULTI_C;
}

sub _pp_addpm_nolineno {
	my $pm = shift;
	my $pos;
	if (ref $pm) {
	  my $opt = $pm;
	  $pm = shift;
	  confess "unknown option '$opt->{At}' (only Top|Bot|Middle)" unless defined $opt->{At} &&
	    $opt->{At} =~ /^(Top|Bot|Middle)$/;
	  $pos = $opt->{At};
	} else {
	  $pos = 'Middle';
	}
	$pm =~ s#\n{3,}#\n\n#g;
	$::PDLPM{$pos} .= "\n$pm\n\n";
}

sub pp_addpm {
  my @args = @_;
  my $pmind = ref $_[0] ? 1 : 0;
  my @c = caller;
  $args[$pmind] = _pp_line_number_file($c[1], $c[2]-1, "\n$args[$pmind]");
  $args[$pmind] =~ s#\n{3,}#\n\n#g;
  _pp_addpm_nolineno(@args);
}

sub pp_add_exported {
  shift if !$_[0] or $_[0] eq __PACKAGE__;
  $::PDLPMROUT .= join ' ', @_, '';
}

sub pp_addbegin {
	my ($cmd) = @_;
	if ($cmd =~ /^\s*BOOT\s*$/) {
		pp_beginwrap;
	} else {
		$::PDLBEGIN .= $cmd."\n";
	}
}

#  Sub to call to export nothing (i.e. for building OO package/object)
sub pp_export_nothing {
	$::PDLPMROUT = ' ';
}

sub pp_add_isa {
	push @::PDLPMISA,@_;
}

sub pp_add_boot {
	my ($boot) = @_;
	$boot =~ s/^\s*\n//gm; # XS doesn't like BOOT having blank lines
	$::PDLXSBOOT .= $boot;
}

sub pp_bless{
   my($new_package)=@_;
   $::PDLOBJ = $new_package;
}

# sub to call to set the import list from core on the 'Use Core' line in the .pm file.
#   set to '()' to not import anything from Core, or 'qw/ barf /' to import barf.
sub pp_core_importList{
   $::PDLCOREIMPORT = $_[0];
}

sub printxs {
	shift;
	$::PDLXS .= join'',@_;
}

sub pp_addxs {
	PDL::PP->printxs("\nMODULE = $::PDLMOD PACKAGE = $::CALLPACK\n\n",
                         @_,
                         "\nMODULE = $::PDLMOD PACKAGE = $::PDLOBJ PREFIX=pdl_run_\n\n");
}

# inserts #line directives into source text. Use like this:
#   ...
#   FirstKey => ...,
#   Code => pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, $x . $y . $c),
#   OtherKey => ...
sub pp_line_numbers {
  _pp_line_number_file((caller)[1], @_);
}
sub _pp_line_number_file {
	my ($filename, $line, $string) = @_;
	confess "pp_line_numbers called with undef" if !defined $string;
	# The line needs to be incremented by one for the bookkeeping to work
	$line++;
	$filename = 'lib/PDL/PP.pm' if $filename eq __FILE__;
	$filename =~ s/\\/\\\\/g; # Escape backslashes
	my @to_return = "\nPDL_LINENO_START $line \"$filename\"\n";
	# Look for broadcastloops and loops and add # line directives
	foreach (split (/\n/, $string)) {
		# Always add the current line.
		push @to_return, "$_\n";
		# If we need to add a # line directive, do so after incrementing
		$line++;
		if (/%\{/ or /%}/) {
			push @to_return, "PDL_LINENO_END\n";
			push @to_return, "PDL_LINENO_START $line \"$filename\"\n";
		}
	}
	push @to_return, "PDL_LINENO_END\n";
	return join('', @to_return);
}
my $LINE_RE = qr/^(\s*)PDL_LINENO_(?:START (\S+) "(.*)"|(END))$/;
sub _pp_linenumber_fill {
  local $_; # else get "Modification of a read-only value attempted"
  my ($file, $text) = @_;
  my (@stack, @to_return) = [1, $file];
  my @lines = split /\n/, $text;
  REALLINE: while (defined($_ = shift @lines)) {
    $_->[0]++ for @stack;
    push(@to_return, $_), next if !/$LINE_RE/;
    my ($ci, $new_line, $new_file, $is_end) = ($1, $2, $3, $4);
    if (!$is_end) {
      push @stack, [$new_line-1, $new_file];
      push @to_return, qq{$ci#line @{[$stack[-1][0]+1]} "$stack[-1][1]"} if @lines;
      next REALLINE;
    }
    @stack = [$stack[0][0], $file]; # as soon as any block is left, line numbers for outer blocks become meaningless
    my ($seen_empty, $empty_first, $last_ci, @last_dir) = (0, undef, $ci); # list=(line, file)
    LINE: while (1) {
      last REALLINE if !@lines;
      if (!length $lines[0] && $lines[1] !~ /^=/) {
        $seen_empty = 1;
        shift @lines;
        next LINE;
      }
      if ($lines[0] =~ /$LINE_RE/) { # directive
        ($last_ci, @last_dir) = ($1, !$4 ? ($2, $3) : ());
        $empty_first //= $seen_empty;
        shift @lines;
        next LINE;
      } else { # substantive
        push @stack, \@last_dir if @last_dir;
        push(@to_return, ''), $stack[0][0]++ if $seen_empty and $empty_first;
        push @to_return, qq{$last_ci#line $stack[-1][0] "$stack[-1][1]"};
        push(@to_return, ''), $stack[0][0]++ if $seen_empty and !$empty_first;
        last LINE;
      }
    }
  }
  join '', map "$_\n", @to_return;
}

sub _file_same {
  my ($from_text, $to_file) = @_;
  require File::Map;
  File::Map::map_file(my $to_map, $to_file, '<');
  s/^[^\n]*#line[^\n]*?\n//gm for $from_text, (my $to_text = $to_map);
  $from_text eq $to_text;
}
sub _write_file {
  my ($file, $text) = @_;
  $text = _pp_linenumber_fill($file, $text);
  return if -f $file && _file_same($text, $file);
  open my $fh, '>', $file or confess "open $file: $!";
  binmode $fh; # to guarantee length will be same for same contents
  print $fh $text;
}

sub printxsc {
  (undef, my $file) = (shift, shift);
  my $text = join '',@_;
  if (defined $file) {
    (my $mod_underscores = $::PDLMOD) =~ s#::#_#g;
    $text = join '', sprintf($PDL::PP::header_c, $0, $mod_underscores), $::PDLXSC_header//'', $text;
    _write_file($file, $text);
  } else {
    $::PDLXSC .= $text;
  }
}

sub pp_done {
        return if $PDL::PP::done; # do only once!
        $PDL::PP::done = 1;
	print "DONE!\n" if $::PP_VERBOSE;
	print "Inline running PDL::PP version $PDL::PP::VERSION...\n" if nopm();
        require PDL::Core::Dev;
        my $pdl_boot = PDL::Core::Dev::PDL_BOOT('PDL', $::PDLMOD);
        my $user_boot = $::PDLXSBOOT//'';
        $user_boot =~ s/^\s*(.*?)\n*$/  $1\n/ if $user_boot;
        $user_boot .= <<EOF if @::PDL_LVALUE_SUBS;
  char *package = "$::PDLOBJ";
  HV* stash = gv_stashpvn(package, strlen(package), TRUE);
  char *meths[] = {@{[join ',', map qq{"$_"}, @::PDL_LVALUE_SUBS]},NULL}, **methsptr = meths;
  for (; *methsptr; methsptr++) {
    SV **meth = hv_fetch(stash, *methsptr, strlen(*methsptr), 0);
    if (!meth) croak("No found method '%s' in '%s'", *methsptr, package);
    CV *cv = GvCV(*meth);
    if (!cv) croak("No found CV for '%s' in '%s'", *methsptr, package);
    CvLVALUE_on(cv);
  }
EOF
        (my $mod_underscores = $::PDLMOD) =~ s#::#_#g;
        my $text = join '',
          sprintf($PDL::PP::header_c, $0, $mod_underscores),
          $::PDLXSC//'',
          $PDL::PP::macros_xs,
          sprintf($PDL::PP::header_xs, $::PDLMOD, $::PDLOBJ),
          $::PDLXS, "\n",
          $PDL::PP::header_xsboot, $pdl_boot, $user_boot;
        _write_file("$::PDLBASE.xs", $text);
        return if nopm;
	$::PDLPMISA = "'".join("','",@::PDLPMISA)."'";
	$::PDLBEGIN = "BEGIN {\n$::PDLBEGIN\n}"
		unless $::PDLBEGIN =~ /^\s*$/;
        $::PDLMODVERSION //= '';
        $::FUNCSPOD = $::DOCUMENTED ? "\n\n=head1 FUNCTIONS\n\n=cut\n\n" : '';
        _write_file("$::PDLBASE.pm", join "\n\n", <<EOF, $::PDLBEGIN, $::PDLPM{Top}, $::FUNCSPOD, @::PDLPM{qw(Middle Bot)}, '# Exit with OK status', "1;\n");
#
# GENERATED WITH PDL::PP from $0! Don't modify!
#
package $::PDLPACK;

our \@EXPORT_OK = qw($::PDLPMROUT);
our %EXPORT_TAGS = (Func=>\\\@EXPORT_OK);

use PDL::Core$::PDLCOREIMPORT;
use PDL::Exporter;
use DynaLoader;

$::PDL_IFBEGINWRAP[0]
   $::PDLVERSIONSET
   our \@ISA = ( $::PDLPMISA );
   push \@PDL::Core::PP, __PACKAGE__;
   bootstrap $::PDLMOD $::PDLMODVERSION;
$::PDL_IFBEGINWRAP[-1]
$::PDLOVERLOAD
EOF
} # end pp_done

sub _pp_parsename {
  my ($name) = @_;
  # See if the 'name' is multiline, in which case we extract the
  # name and add the FullDoc field
  return ($name, undef) if $name !~ /\n/;
  my $fulldoc = $name;
  # See if the very first thing is a word. That is going to be the
  # name of the function under consideration
  if ($fulldoc =~ s/^(\w+)//) {
    $name = $1;
  } elsif ($fulldoc =~ /=head2 (\w+)/) {
    $name = $1;
  } else {
    croak('Unable to extract name');
  }
  ($name, $fulldoc);
}

sub pp_def {
	require PDL::Core::Dev;
	require PDL::Types;
	require PDL::PP::PdlParObj;
	require PDL::PP::Signature;
	require PDL::PP::Dims;
	require PDL::PP::CType;
	require PDL::PP::PDLCode;
	PDL::PP::load_deftable() if !$PDL::PP::deftbl;
	my($name,%obj) = @_;
	print "*** Entering pp_def for $name\n" if $::PP_VERBOSE;
	($name, my $fulldoc) = _pp_parsename($name);
	$obj{FullDoc} = $fulldoc if defined $fulldoc;
	$obj{Name} = $name;
	croak("ERROR: pp_def=$name given empty GenericTypes!\n")
	  if exists $obj{GenericTypes} and !@{ $obj{GenericTypes} || [] };
	foreach my $rule (@$PDL::PP::deftbl) {
	    $rule->apply(\%obj);
	}
	print "Result of translate for $name:\n" . Dumper(\%obj) . "\n"
	  if exists $obj{Dump} and $obj{Dump} and $::PP_VERBOSE;

	croak("ERROR: No FreeFunc for pp_def=$name!\n")
	  unless exists $obj{FreeFunc};

	my $ctext = join("\n\n",grep $_, @obj{qw(
		CHeader StructDecl RedoDimsFunc
		ReadDataFunc WriteBackDataFunc
		FreeFunc
		VTableDef RunFunc
	)});
	if ($::PDLMULTI_C) {
	  PDL::PP->printxsc(undef, "$obj{RunFuncHdr};\n");
	  PDL::PP->printxsc($::PDLMULTI_C_PREFIX."pp-$obj{Name}.c", $ctext);
	} else {
	  PDL::PP->printxsc(undef, $ctext);
	}
	PDL::PP->printxs($obj{NewXSCode});
	pp_add_boot($obj{BootSetNewXS}) if $obj{BootSetNewXS};
	PDL::PP->pp_add_exported($name) unless $obj{NoExport};
	PDL::PP::_pp_addpm_nolineno("\n".$obj{PdlDoc}."\n") if $obj{PdlDoc};
	PDL::PP::_pp_addpm_nolineno($obj{PMCode}) if defined $obj{PMCode};
	PDL::PP::_pp_addpm_nolineno($obj{PMFunc}."\n") if defined $obj{PMFunc};

	print "*** Leaving pp_def for $name\n" if $::PP_VERBOSE;
    \%obj;
}

# marks this module as deprecated. This handles the user warnings, and adds a
# notice into the documentation. Can take a {infavor => "newmodule"} option
sub pp_deprecate_module
{
  my $options;
  if( ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' )  { $options = shift;  }
  else                       { $options = { @_ }; }

  my $infavor;

  if( $options && ref $options eq 'HASH' && $options->{infavor} )
  {
    $infavor = $options->{infavor};
  }

  my $mod = $::PDLMOD;
  my $envvar = 'PDL_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATION_WARNING__' . uc $mod;
  $envvar =~ s/::/_/g;

  my $warning_main =
    "$mod is deprecated.";
  $warning_main .=
    " Please use $infavor instead." if $infavor;

  my $warning_suppression_runtime =
    "This module will be removed in the future; please update your code.\n" .
    "Set the environment variable $envvar\n" .
    "to suppress this warning\n";

  my $warning_suppression_pod =
    "A warning will be generated at runtime upon a C<use> of this module\n" .
    "This warning can be suppressed by setting the $envvar\n" .
    "environment variable\n";

  my $deprecation_notice = <<EOF ;
XXX=head1 DEPRECATION NOTICE

$warning_main
$warning_suppression_pod

XXX=cut

EOF
  $deprecation_notice =~ s/^XXX=/=/gms;
  _pp_addpm_nolineno( {At => 'Top'}, $deprecation_notice );

  _pp_addpm_nolineno {At => 'Top'}, <<EOF;
warn "$warning_main\n$warning_suppression_runtime" unless \$ENV{$envvar};
EOF
}

use Carp;
$SIG{__DIE__} = \&Carp::confess if $::PP_VERBOSE;

my $typemap_obj;
sub _load_typemap {
  require ExtUtils::Typemaps;
  require PDL::Core::Dev;
  # according to MM_Unix 'privlibexp' is the right directory
  #     seems to work even on OS X (where installprivlib breaks things)
  my $_rootdir = $Config{privlibexp}.'/ExtUtils/';
  # First the system typemaps..
  my @tm = ($_rootdir.'../../../../lib/ExtUtils/typemap',
	    $_rootdir.'../../../lib/ExtUtils/typemap',
	    $_rootdir.'../../lib/ExtUtils/typemap',
	    $_rootdir.'../../../typemap',
	    $_rootdir.'../../typemap', $_rootdir.'../typemap',
	    $_rootdir.'typemap');
  push @tm, &PDL::Core::Dev::PDL_TYPEMAP, '../../typemap', '../typemap', 'typemap';
  carp "**CRITICAL** PP found no typemaps in (@tm)"
      unless my @typemaps = grep -f $_ && -T _, @tm;
  $typemap_obj = ExtUtils::Typemaps->new;
  $typemap_obj->merge(file => $_, replace => 1) for @typemaps;
  $typemap_obj;
}
sub typemap {
  my ($type, $method) = @_;
  $typemap_obj ||= _load_typemap();
  $type=ExtUtils::Typemaps::tidy_type($type);
  my $inputmap = $typemap_obj->$method(ctype => $type);
  die "The type =$type= does not have a typemap entry!\n" unless $inputmap;
  ($inputmap->code, $type);
}
sub typemap_eval { # lifted from ExtUtils::ParseXS::Eval, ignoring eg $ALIAS
  my ($code, $varhash) = @_;
  my ($var, $type, $num, $init, $pname, $arg, $ntype, $argoff, $subtype)
    = @$varhash{qw(var type num init pname arg ntype argoff subtype)};
  my $ALIAS;
  my $rv = eval qq(qq\a$code\a);
  die $@ if $@;
  $rv;
}

sub pp_add_typemaps {
  confess "Usage: pp_add_typemaps([string|file|typemap]=>\$arg)" if @_ != 2;
  $typemap_obj ||= _load_typemap();
  my $new_obj = $_[0] eq 'typemap' ? $_[1] : ExtUtils::Typemaps->new(@_);
  pp_addxs($new_obj->as_embedded_typemap);
  $typemap_obj->merge(typemap => $new_obj, replace => 1);
}

sub make_xs_code {
  my($xscode_before,$xscode_after,$str,
    $xs_c_headers,
    @bits) = @_;
  my($boot,$prelude);
  if($xs_c_headers) {
    $prelude = join '', $xs_c_headers->[0], @bits, $xs_c_headers->[1];
    $boot = $xs_c_headers->[2];
    $str .= "\n";
  } else {
    my $xscode = join '', @bits;
    $str .= "$xscode_before\n$xscode$xscode_after\n";
  }
  $str =~ s/(\s*\n)+/\n/g;
  ($str,$boot,$prelude)
}

sub indent($$) {
    my ($ind, $text) = @_;
    return $text if !length $text or !$ind;
    $ind = ' ' x $ind;
    $text =~ s/^(.+)$/$ind$1/mg;
    return $text;
}

# This subroutine generates the XS code needed to call the perl 'initialize'
# routine in order to create new output PDLs
sub callPerlInit {
    my ($sv) = @_;
    confess "callPerlInit error: \$sv must be defined" if !defined $sv;
    "PDL_XS_PERLINIT_initsv($sv)";
}

sub callTypemap {
  my ($x, $ptype, $pname) = @_;
  my ($setter, $type) = typemap($ptype, 'get_inputmap');
  (my $ntype = $type) =~ s:\s+::g; $ntype =~ s:\*:Ptr:g;
  my $ret = typemap_eval($setter, {var=>$x, type=>$type, arg=>("${x}_SV"),
      pname=>$pname, ntype=>$ntype});
  $ret =~ s/^\s*(.*?)\s*$/$1/g;
  $ret =~ s/\s*\n\s*/ /g;
  $ret;
}

###########################################################
# Name       : extract_signature_from_fulldoc
# Usage      : $sig = extract_signature_from_fulldoc($fulldoc)
# Purpose    : pull out the signature from the fulldoc string
# Returns    : whatever is in parentheses in the signature, or undef
# Parameters : $fulldoc
# Throws     : never
# Notes      : the signature must have the following form:
#            :
#            : =for sig
#            : <blank>
#            :   Signature: (<signature can
#            :                be multiline>)
#            : <blank>
#            :
#            : The two spaces before "Signature" are required, as are
#            : the parentheses.
sub extract_signature_from_fulldoc {
	my $fulldoc = shift;
	if ($fulldoc =~ /=for sig\n\n  Signature: \(([^\n]*)\n/g) {
		# Extract the signature and remove the final parenthesis
		my $sig = $1;
		$sig .= $1 while $fulldoc =~ /\G\h+([^\n]*)\n/g;
		$sig =~ s/\)\s*$//;
		return $sig;
	}
	return;
}

# function to be run by real pp_def so fake pp_def can do without other modules
sub load_deftable {
# Build the valid-types regex and valid Pars argument only once. These are
# also used in PDL::PP::PdlParObj, which is why they are globally available.
my $pars_re = $PDL::PP::PdlParObj::pars_re;

# Set up the rules for translating the pp_def contents.
#
$PDL::PP::deftbl =
  [
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(
      [qw(RedoDims EquivCPOffsCode HandleBad P2Child TwoWay)],
      ["Identity"],
      "something to do with dataflow between CHILD & PARENT, I think.",
      sub {
        (PDL::PP::pp_line_numbers(__LINE__-1, '
          int i;
          $SETNDIMS($PDL(PARENT)->ndims);
          for(i=0; i<$PDL(CHILD)->ndims; i++) {
            $PDL(CHILD)->dims[i] = $PDL(PARENT)->dims[i];
          }
          $SETDIMS();
          $SETDELTABROADCASTIDS(0);
          $PRIV(dims_redone) = 1;
        '),
        PDL::PP::pp_line_numbers(__LINE__,
            'PDL_Indx i;
             for(i=0; i<$PDL(CHILD)->nvals; i++)  {
                $EQUIVCPOFFS(i,i);
             }'),
        1, 1, 1);
      }),

   # used as a flag for many of the routines
   # ie should we bother with bad values for this routine?
   # 1     - yes,
   # 0     - no, maybe issue a warning
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("BadFlag", "HandleBad?",
		      "Sets BadFlag based upon HandleBad key",
		      sub { $_[0] }),

   ####################
   # FullDoc Handling #
   ####################

   # Error processing: does FullDoc contain BadDoc, yet BadDoc specified?
   PDL::PP::Rule::Croak->new(['FullDoc', 'BadDoc'],
       'Cannot have both FullDoc and BadDoc defined'),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Croak->new(['FullDoc', 'Doc'],
       'Cannot have both FullDoc and Doc defined'),
   # Note: no error processing on Pars; it's OK for the docs to gloss over
   # the details.

   # Add the Pars section based on the signature of the FullDoc if the Pars
   # section doesn't already exist
   PDL::PP::Rule->new('Pars', 'FullDoc',
      'Sets the Pars from the FullDoc if Pars is not explicitly specified',
      # Purpose    : extract the Pars from the signature from the fulldoc string,
      #            : the part of the signature that specifies the ndarrays
      # Returns    : a string appropriate for the Pars key
      # Parameters : $fulldoc
      # Throws     : if there is no signature
      #            : if there is no extractable Pars section
      #            : if some PDL arguments come after the OtherPars arguments start
      # Notes      : This is meant to be used directly in a Rule. Therefore, it
      #            : is only called if the Pars key does not yet exist, so if it
      #            : is not possible to extract the Pars section, it dies.
      sub {
        my $fulldoc = shift;
        # Get the signature or die
        my $sig = extract_signature_from_fulldoc($fulldoc)
          or confess('No Pars specified and none could be extracted from FullDoc');
        # Everything is semicolon-delimited
        my @args = split /\s*;\s*/, $sig;
        my @pars;
        my $switched_to_other_pars = 0;
        for my $arg (@args) {
          confess('All PDL args must come before other pars in FullDoc signature')
            if $switched_to_other_pars and $arg =~ $pars_re;
          if ($arg =~ $pars_re) {
            push @pars, $arg;
          } else {
            $switched_to_other_pars = 1;
          }
        }
        # Make sure there's something there
        confess('FullDoc signature contains no PDL arguments') if @pars == 0;
        # All done!
        return join('; ', @pars);
      }
   ),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new('OtherPars', 'FullDoc',
      'Sets the OtherPars from the FullDoc if OtherPars is not explicitly specified',
      # Purpose    : extract the OtherPars from the signature from the fulldoc
      #            : string, the part of the signature that specifies non-ndarray
      #            : arguments
      # Returns    : a string appropriate for the OtherPars key
      # Parameters : $fulldoc
      # Throws     : if some OtherPars arguments come before the last PDL argument
      # Notes      : This is meant to be used directly in a Rule. Therefore, it
      #            : is only called if the OtherPars key does not yet exist.
      sub {
        my $fulldoc = shift;
        # Get the signature or do not set
        my $sig = extract_signature_from_fulldoc($fulldoc)
                or return 'DO NOT SET!!';
        # Everything is semicolon-delimited
        my @args = split /\s*;\s*/, $sig;
        my @otherpars;
        for my $arg (@args) {
          confess('All PDL args must come before other pars in FullDoc signature')
            if @otherpars > 0 and $arg =~ $pars_re;
          if ($arg !~ $pars_re) {
            push @otherpars, $arg;
          }
        }
        # All done!
        return 'DO NOT SET!!'if @otherpars == 0;
        return join('; ', @otherpars);
      }
   ),

   ################################
   # Other Documentation Handling #
   ################################

   # no docs by default
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("Doc", [], 'Sets the default doc string',
    "\n=for ref\n\ninfo not available\n"),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("BadDoc", [qw(BadFlag Name)],
              'Sets the default documentation for handling of bad values',
      sub {
         my ($bf, $name) = @_;
         my $str;
         if ( not defined($bf) ) {
            $str = "C<$name> does not process bad values.\n";
         } elsif ( $bf ) {
            $str = "C<$name> processes bad values.\n";
         } else {
            $str = "C<$name> ignores the bad-value flag of the input ndarrays.\n";
         }
         $str .= "It will set the bad-value flag of all output ndarrays if " .
           "the flag is set for any of the input ndarrays.\n";
      }
   ),

   # Default: no otherpars
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString->new("OtherPars"),

   # Notes
   # Suffix 'NS' means, "Needs Substitution". In other words, the string
   # associated with a key that has the suffix "NS" must be run through a
   # Substitute
   # The substituted version should then replace "NS" with "Subd"
   # So: FreeCodeNS -> FreeCodeSubd

   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("StructName", "__privtrans"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("ParamStructName", "__params"),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("HaveBroadcasting","HaveThreading", sub {@_}), # compat
   PDL::PP::Rule::Croak->new([qw(P2Child GenericTypes)],
       'Cannot have both P2Child and GenericTypes defined'),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new([qw(Pars HaveBroadcasting GenericTypes DefaultFlow AllFuncHeader RedoDimsFuncHeader)],
		      ["P2Child","Name","StructName"],
      sub {
        my (undef,$name,$sname) = @_;
        ("PARENT(); [oca]CHILD();",0,[PDL::Types::ppdefs_all()],1,
          "pdl *__it = $sname->pdls[1]; (void) __it;\n",
          "PDL->hdr_childcopy($sname); $sname->dims_redone = 1;\n",
        );
      }),

# Question: where is ppdefs defined?
# Answer: Core/Types.pm
#
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("GenericTypes", [],
       'Sets GenericTypes flag to all real types known to PDL::Types',
       sub {[PDL::Types::ppdefs()]}),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("ExtraGenericSwitches", "FTypes",
       'Makes ExtraGenericSwitches identical to FTypes if the latter exists and the former does not',
       sub {return $_[0]}),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("ExtraGenericSwitches", [],
       'Sets ExtraGenericSwitches to an empty hash if it does not already exist', {}),

   PDL::PP::Rule::InsertName->new("VTableName", 'pdl_%s_vtable'),

   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("Priv", "AffinePriv", 'PDL_Indx incs[$PDL(CHILD)->ndims];PDL_Indx offs; '),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("IsAffineFlag", "AffinePriv", "PDL_ITRANS_ISAFFINE"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::Zero->new("IsAffineFlag"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("TwoWayFlag", "TwoWay", "PDL_ITRANS_TWOWAY"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::Zero->new("TwoWayFlag"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("DefaultFlowFlag", "DefaultFlow", "PDL_ITRANS_DO_DATAFLOW_ANY"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::Zero->new("DefaultFlowFlag"),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("RedoDims", [qw(EquivPDimExpr EquivDimCheck?)],
      sub {
        my($pdimexpr,$dimcheck) = @_;
        $pdimexpr =~ s/\$CDIM\b/i/g;
        ' PDL_Indx i,cor;
          '.$dimcheck.'
          $SETNDIMS($PDL(PARENT)->ndims);
          $DOPRIVALLOC();
          $PRIV(offs) = 0;
          for(i=0; i<$PDL(CHILD)->ndims; i++) {
            cor = '.$pdimexpr.';
            $PDL(CHILD)->dims[i] = $PDL(PARENT)->dims[cor];
            $PRIV(incs)[i] = $PDL(PARENT)->dimincs[cor];
          }
          $SETDIMS();
          $SETDELTABROADCASTIDS(0);
          $PRIV(dims_redone) = 1;
        ';
      }),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("Code", "EquivCPOffsCode",
      "create Code from EquivCPOffsCode",
      sub {
        my ($good) = @_;
        $good =~ s/
          \$EQUIVCPOFFS\(([^()]+),([^()]+)\)
        /do { PDL_IF_BAD(if (\$PISBAD(PARENT,[$2]) ) { \$PSETBAD(CHILD,[$1]); } else,) { \$P(CHILD)[$1] = \$P(PARENT)[$2]; } } while (0)/gx;
        $good =~ s/
          \$EQUIVCPTRUNC\(([^()]+),([^()]+),([^()]+)\)
        /do { if (($3) PDL_IF_BAD(|| \$PISBAD(PARENT,[$2]),) ) { PDL_IF_BAD(\$PSETBAD(CHILD,[$1]),\$P(CHILD)[$1] = 0); } else {\$P(CHILD)[$1] = \$P(PARENT)[$2]; } } while (0)/gx;
        $good;
      }),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("BackCode", "EquivCPOffsCode",
      "create BackCode from EquivCPOffsCode",
      # Since PARENT & CHILD need NOT be the same type we cannot just copy
      # values from one to the other - we have to check for the presence
      # of bad values, hence the expansion for the $bad code
      #
      # Some operators (notably range) also have an out-of-range flag; they use
      # the macro EQUIVCPTRUNC instead of EQUIVCPOFFS.
      # $EQUIVCPTRUNC does the same as EQUIVCPOFFS but accepts a
      # child-out-of-bounds flag.  If the out-of-bounds flag is set, the
      # forward code puts BAD/0 into the child, and reverse code refrains
      # from copying.
      #                    --CED 27-Jan-2003
      sub {
        my ($good) = @_;
        # parse 'good' code
        $good =~ s/
          \$EQUIVCPOFFS\(([^()]+),([^()]+)\)
        /do { PDL_IF_BAD(if( \$PISBAD(CHILD,[$1]) ) { \$PSETBAD(PARENT,[$2]); } else,) { \$P(PARENT)[$2] = \$P(CHILD)[$1]; } } while (0)/gx;
        $good =~ s/
          \$EQUIVCPTRUNC\(([^()]+),([^()]+),([^()]+)\)
        /do { if (!($3)) { PDL_IF_BAD(if (\$PISBAD(CHILD,[$1]) ) { \$PSETBAD(PARENT,[$2]); } else,) { \$P(PARENT)[$2] = \$P(CHILD)[$1]; } } } while (0)/gx;
        $good;
      }),

   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::NULL->new("ReadDataFuncName", "AffinePriv"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::NULL->new("WriteBackDataFuncName", "AffinePriv"),

   PDL::PP::Rule::InsertName->new("NewXSName", '_%s_int'),

   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::One->new("HaveBroadcasting"),

   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString->new("Priv"),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("PrivObj", [qw(Name Priv)],
      sub { PDL::PP::Signature->new('', @_) }),

# Parameters in the 'a(x,y); [o]b(y)' format, with
# fixed nos of real, unbroadcast-over dims.
# Also "Other pars", the parameters which are usually not pdls.
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("SignatureObj", [qw(Pars Name OtherPars OtherParsDefaults? ArgOrder?)],
      sub { PDL::PP::Signature->new(@_) }),

# Compiled representations i.e. what the RunFunc function leaves
# in the params structure. By default, copies of the parameters
# but in many cases (e.g. slice) a benefit can be obtained
# by parsing the string in that function.
# If the user wishes to specify their own MakeComp code and Comp content,
# The next definitions allow this.
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("CompObj", [qw(Name OtherPars Comp?)],
      sub { PDL::PP::Signature->new('', $_[0], join(';', grep defined() && /[^\s;]/, @_[1..$#_])) }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("CompStruct", ["CompObj"], sub {$_[0]->getcomp}),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("InplaceNormalised", [qw(Name SignatureObj Inplace)],
		      'interpret Inplace and Signature to get input/output',
      # Inplace can be supplied several values
      #   => 1
      #     assumes fn has an input and output ndarray (eg 'a(); [o] b();')
      #   => [ 'a' ]
      #     assumes several input ndarrays in sig, so 'a' labels which
      #     one is to be marked inplace
      #   => [ 'a', 'b' ]
      #     input ndarray is a(), output ndarray is 'b'
      # this will set InplaceNormalised to [input,output]
      sub {
        my ($name, $sig, $arg) = @_;
        confess 'Inplace given false value' if !$arg;
        confess "Inplace array-ref (@$arg) > 2 elements" if ref($arg) eq "ARRAY" and @$arg > 2;
        # find input and output ndarrays
        my %is_out = map +($_=>1), my @out = $sig->names_out;
        my @in = $sig->names_in;
        my $in = @in == 1 ? $in[0] : undef;
        my $out = @out == 1 ? $out[0] : undef;
        my $noutca = $sig->names_oca;
        if (ref($arg) eq "ARRAY" and @$arg) {
          $in = $$arg[0];
          $out = $$arg[1] if @$arg > 1;
        }
        confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace does not know name of input ndarray, options were (@in)"
            unless defined $in;
        confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace input ndarray '$in' is actually output"
            if $is_out{$in};
        confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace does not know name of output ndarray, options were (@out)"
            unless defined $out;
        my ($in_obj, $out_obj) = map $sig->objs->{$_}, $in, $out;
        confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace output arg $out not [o]\n" if !$$out_obj{FlagW};
        my ($in_inds, $out_inds) = map $_->{IndObjs}, $in_obj, $out_obj;
        confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace args $in and $out different number of dims"
          if @$in_inds != @$out_inds;
        for my $i (0..$#$in_inds) {
          my ($in_ind, $out_ind) = map $_->[$i], $in_inds, $out_inds;
          next if grep !defined $_->{Value}, $in_ind, $out_ind;
          confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace Pars $in and $out inds ".join('=',@$in_ind{qw(Name Value)})." and ".join('=',@$out_ind{qw(Name Value)})." not compatible"
            if $in_ind->{Value} != $out_ind->{Value};
        }
        my ($in_flags, $out_flags) = map [sort grep /^FlagType/, keys %$_], $in_obj, $out_obj;
        confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace args $in and $out have different type specifications '@$in_flags' vs '@$out_flags'"
          if "@$in_flags" ne "@$out_flags";
        confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace args $in and $out have different type specifications '@$in_obj{@$in_flags}' vs '@$out_obj{@$out_flags}"
          if "@$in_obj{@$in_flags}" ne "@$out_obj{@$out_flags}";
        confess "ERROR in pp_def($name): Inplace args $in and $out have different type specifications '@{[($in_obj->{Type}//'NONE')]}' vs '@{[($out_obj->{Type}//'NONE')]}'"
          if ($in_obj->{Type}//'NONE') ne ($out_obj->{Type}//'NONE');
        [$in, $out];
      }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["InplaceCode"], [qw(InplaceNormalised)],
      'code to implement working inplace',
      # insert code, after the autogenerated xs argument processing code
      # produced by VarArgsXSHdr and AFTER any in HdrCode
      # - this code flags the routine as working inplace,
      sub {
        my ($arg) = @_;
        my ($in, $out) = @$arg;
        "  PDL_XS_INPLACE($in, $out)\n";
      }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString->new("InplaceCode", []),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("InplaceDocValues",
     [qw(Name SignatureObj InplaceNormalised NoExport?)],
     'doc describing usage inplace',
     sub {
       my ($name, $sig, $inplace, $noexport) = @_;
       my @args = @{ $sig->args_callorder };
       my %inplace_involved = map +($_=>1), my ($in, $out) = @$inplace;
       my $meth_call = $args[0] eq $in;
       @args = grep !$inplace_involved{$_}, @args;
       my @vals = !$meth_call ? () : [
        "\$$in->inplace->$name".(
           !@args ? '' : "(@{[join ', ', map qq{\$$_}, @args]})"
         ).";", []
       ];
       my $prefix = $noexport ? "$::PDLOBJ\::" : "";
       push @vals, [ "$prefix$name(\$$in->inplace".(
           !@args ? '' : ", @{[join ', ', map qq{\$$_}, @args]}"
         ).");", []];
       $vals[0][1] = ["can be used inplace"];
       \@vals;
     }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("InplaceDocValues", []),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("OverloadDocValues",
     [qw(Name SignatureObj Overload Inplace?)],
     'implement and doc Perl overloaded operators',
     sub {
       my ($name, $sig, $ovl, $inplace) = @_;
       confess "$name Overload given false value" if !$ovl;
       $ovl = [$ovl] if !ref $ovl;
       my ($op, $mutator, $bitwise) = @$ovl;
       confess "$name Overload trying to define mutator but no inplace"
         if $mutator && !$inplace;
       my $one_arg = $sig->names_in == 1;
       my $ret = "{ package # hide from MetaCPAN\n $::PDLOBJ;\n";
       my $bitwise_passon = $bitwise ? '$_[2]?@_[1,0]:@_[0,1]' : '@_';
       my $fullname = $::PDLOBJ."::$name";
       if ($one_arg) {
         $ret .= pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, <<EOF);
use overload '$op' => sub {
  Carp::confess("$fullname: overloaded '$op' given undef")
    if grep !defined, \$_[0];
  $fullname(\$_[0]);
};
EOF
       } else {
         $ret .= pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, <<EOF);
{
  my (\$foo, \$overload_sub);
  use overload '$op' => \$overload_sub = sub {
    Carp::confess("$fullname: overloaded '$op' given undef")
      if grep !defined, \@_[0,1];
    return $fullname($bitwise_passon) unless ref \$_[1]
            && (ref \$_[1] ne '$::PDLOBJ')
            && defined(\$foo = overload::Method(\$_[1], '$op'))
            && \$foo != \$overload_sub; # recursion guard
    goto &\$foo;
  };
}
EOF
       }
       $ret .= pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, <<EOF) if $mutator;
# in1, in2, out, swap if true
use overload '$op=' => sub {
  Carp::confess("$fullname: overloaded '$op=' given undef")
    if grep !defined, \@_[0,1];
  $fullname(\$_[0]->inplace, \$_[1]); \$_[0]
};
EOF
       $::PDLOVERLOAD .= "$ret}\n";
       my @args = @{ $sig->args_callorder };
       my @outs = $sig->names_out;
       confess "$name error in Overload doc: !=1 output (@outs)" if @outs != 1;
       my @ins = $sig->names_in;
       my $sp = $op !~ /^[a-z]/ ? '' : ' ';
       my @vals = ["\$$outs[0] = ".(
         $one_arg ? "$op$sp\$$ins[0]" :
         $sp ? "$op \$$ins[0], \$$ins[1]" :
         "\$$ins[0] $op \$$ins[1]"
       ).";", 
       ["overloads the Perl '$op' operator"]
       ];
       push @vals, ["\$$ins[0] $op= \$$ins[1];", []] if $mutator && !$one_arg;
       \@vals;
     }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("OverloadDocValues", []),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new([qw(UsageDoc ParamDoc)],
     [qw(Name Doc? SignatureObj OtherParsDefaults? ArgOrder?
       OverloadDocValues InplaceDocValues ParamDesc? Lvalue? NoExport?
     )],
     'generate "usage" section of doc',
     sub {
       my ($name, $doc, $sig, $otherdefaults, $argorder,
         $overloadvals, $inplacevals, $paramdesc, $lvalue, $noexport,
       ) = @_;
       $otherdefaults ||= {};
       $paramdesc ||= {};
       confess "pp_def($name): non-ref ParamDesc given" if !ref $paramdesc;
       my @args = @{ $sig->args_callorder };
       my $paramdoc = !keys(%$paramdesc) ? '' : join('',
         "=head3 Parameters\n\n=over\n\n", (
         map "=item $_\n\n$paramdesc->{$_}\n\n", grep $paramdesc->{$_}, @args,
         ), "=back\n\n");
       return ('',$paramdoc) if $doc && $doc =~ /^=for usage/m;
       my %any_out = map +($_=>1), $sig->names_out_nca, $sig->other_out;
       my %outca = map +($_=>1), $sig->names_oca;
       my @inargs = grep !$outca{$_}, @args;
       my $noptional = grep $any_out{$_} ||
         exists $otherdefaults->{$_}, @inargs;
       my @argsets;
       my $plural = keys(%$otherdefaults) > 1 ? "s" : "";
       my $override = !keys(%$otherdefaults) ? '' : " of ".join(", ", map "$_=$otherdefaults->{$_}", grep exists $otherdefaults->{$_}, @args);
       if (keys %outca) {
         push @argsets, [\@inargs, [ grep $outca{$_}, @args ], []];
       } elsif ($argorder) {
         my @allouts = grep $any_out{$_} || $outca{$_}, @args;
         push @argsets, map [[ @inargs[0..$_] ], \@allouts, []],
           ($#inargs-$noptional)..$#inargs-@allouts;
         push @argsets, [\@args, [], ['all arguments given']];
         unshift @{$argsets[0][2]}, "using default$plural$override" if $override;
       } else {
         push @argsets, [
           [grep !($any_out{$_} || exists $otherdefaults->{$_}), @args],
           [grep $any_out{$_}, @args],
           ["using default value$plural$override"],
         ]
           if keys %any_out && keys %$otherdefaults;
         push @argsets, [
           [grep !$any_out{$_},@args],
           [grep $any_out{$_},@args],
           [keys %$otherdefaults ? "overriding default$plural" : ()],
         ]
           if keys %any_out;
         push @argsets, [\@args, [], ['all arguments given']];
       }
       my @invocs = @$overloadvals;
       my $prefix = $noexport ? "$::PDLOBJ\::" : "";
       push @invocs, map [(!@{$_->[1]} ? '' :
           @{$_->[1]} == 1 ? "\$$_->[1][0] = " :
           "(".join(", ", map "\$$_", @{$_->[1]}).") = "
         )."$prefix$name(".join(", ", map "\$$_", @{$_->[0]}).");",
         [@{$_->[2]}]], @argsets;
       $argsets[0][2] = ['method call'];
       $argsets[$_][2] = [] for 1..$#argsets; # they get the idea
       push @invocs, map [(!@{$_->[1]} ? '' :
           @{$_->[1]} == 1 ? "\$$_->[1][0] = " :
           "(".join(", ", map "\$$_", @{$_->[1]}).") = "
         )."\$$_->[0][0]->$name".(
           @{$_->[0]} <= 1 ? '' :
           "(".join(", ", map "\$$_", @{$_->[0]}[1..$#{$_->[0]}]).")"
         ).";",
         [@{$_->[2]}]], grep @{$_->[0]}, @argsets;
       push @invocs, @$inplacevals;
       if ($lvalue) {
         my ($first_meth) = grep @{$_->[1]} == 1, @argsets;
         push @invocs, [
           "\$$first_meth->[0][0]->$name".(
             @{$first_meth->[0]} <= 1 ? '' :
             "(".join(", ", map "\$$_", @{$first_meth->[0]}[1..$#{$first_meth->[0]}]).")"
           )." .= \$data;",
           ['usable as lvalue']] if $first_meth;
       }
       require List::Util;
       my $maxlen = List::Util::max(map length($_->[0]), @invocs);
       (join('', "\n=for usage\n\n",
         (map !@{$_->[1]} ? " $_->[0]\n" : sprintf(" %-${maxlen}s%s\n", $_->[0], " # ".join ", ", @{$_->[1]}), @invocs), "\n\n"),
         $paramdoc,
       );
     }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString->new("UsageDoc", []),

   # the docs
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("PdlDoc", "FullDoc", sub {
         my $fulldoc = shift;
         # Append a final cut if it doesn't exist due to heredoc shenanigans
         $fulldoc .= "\n\n=cut\n" unless $fulldoc =~ /\n=cut\n*$/;
         # Make sure the =head1 FUNCTIONS section gets added
         $::DOCUMENTED++;
         return $fulldoc;
      }
   ),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::Zero->new("NoPthread"), # assume we can pthread, unless indicated otherwise
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("PdlDoc", [qw(
      Name Pars OtherPars GenericTypes Doc UsageDoc BadDoc?
      HaveBroadcasting NoPthread IsAffineFlag TwoWayFlag DefaultFlowFlag
      ParamDoc
      )],
      sub {
        my ($name,$pars,$otherpars,$gentypes,$doc,$usagedoc,$baddoc,
          $havebroadcasting, $noPthreadFlag, $affflag, $revflag, $flowflag,
          $paramdoc,
        ) = @_;
        return '' if !defined $doc # Allow explicit non-doc using Doc=>undef
            or $doc =~ /^\s*internal\s*$/i;
        # If the doc string is one line let's have two for the
        # reference card information as well
        $doc = "=for ref\n\n".$doc if $doc !~ /\n/;
        $::DOCUMENTED++;
        # Strip leading whitespace and trailing semicolons and whitespace
        $pars =~ s/^\s*(.+[^;])[;\s]*$/$1/;
        $otherpars =~ s/^\s*(.+[^;])[;\s]*$/$1/ if $otherpars;
        my $sig = "$pars".( $otherpars ? "; $otherpars" : "");
        my @typenames = map PDL::Type->new($_)->ioname, @$gentypes;
        my @typesigparts = '';
        while (@typenames) {
          push @typesigparts, '' if length $typesigparts[-1] > 50;
          $typesigparts[-1] .= ($typesigparts[-1]&&' ') . shift @typenames;
        }
        my $typesig = join "\n   ", @typesigparts;
        $doc =~ s/\n(=cut\s*\n)+(\s*\n)*$/\n/m; # Strip extra =cut's
        if ( defined $baddoc ) {
                # Strip leading newlines and any =cut markings
            $baddoc =~ s/\n(=cut\s*\n)+(\s*\n)*$/\n/m;
            $baddoc =~ s/^\n+//;
            $baddoc = "\n=for bad\n\n$baddoc";
        }
        my @misc = $havebroadcasting ? "Broadcasts over its inputs.\n" : "Does not broadcast.\n";
        push @misc, "Can't use POSIX threads.\n" if $noPthreadFlag;
        push @misc, "Makes L<virtual affine|PDL::Indexing> ndarrays.\n" if $affflag;
        push @misc, "Creates data-flow".(!$revflag ? "" : " back and forth").
          " by default.\n" if $flowflag;
        my $miscdocs = join '', grep $_, $paramdoc, @misc, $baddoc;
        my $baddoc_function_pod = <<"EOD" ;

XXX=head2 $name

XXX=for sig

 Signature: ($sig)
 Types: ($typesig)
$usagedoc
$doc

=pod

$miscdocs

XXX=cut

EOD
        $baddoc_function_pod =~ s/^XXX=/=/gms;
        $baddoc_function_pod;
      }
   ),

   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString->new("HdrCode", [],
    'Code that will be inserted before the call to the RunFunc'),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString->new("FtrCode", [],
    'Code that will be inserted after the call to the RunFunc'),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("VarArgsXSHdr",
      [qw(Name SignatureObj
       OtherParsDefaults? ArgOrder? InplaceNormalised?)],
      'XS code to process input arguments based on supplied Pars argument to pp_def; not done if GlobalNew or PMCode supplied',
      sub {
        my($name,$sig,
           $otherdefaults,$argorder,$inplace) = @_;
        my @args = @{ $sig->args_callorder };
        my %other = map +($_=>1), @{$sig->othernames(1, 1)};
        $otherdefaults ||= {};
        my $ci = 2;  # current indenting
        my $optypes = $sig->otherobjs;
        my %ptypes = map +($_=>$$optypes{$_} ? $$optypes{$_}->get_decl('', {VarArrays2Ptrs=>1}) : 'pdl *'), @args;
        my %out = map +($_=>1), $sig->names_out_nca;
        my %outca = map +($_=>1), $sig->names_oca;
        my @inargs = grep !$outca{$_}, @args;
        my %other_out = map +($_=>1), $sig->other_out;
        my $nout   = keys(%out) + keys(%other_out);
        my $noutca = keys %outca;
        my $ntot   = @args;
        my $nallout = $nout + $noutca;
        my $ndefault = keys %$otherdefaults;
        my %valid_itemcounts = ((my $nmaxonstack = $ntot - $noutca)=>1);
        $valid_itemcounts{my $nin = $nmaxonstack - $nout} = 1;
        $valid_itemcounts{my $nin_minus_default = "($nin-$ndefault)"} = 1 if $ndefault;
        my $only_one = keys(%valid_itemcounts) == 1;
        my $nretval = $argorder ? $nout :
          $only_one ? $noutca :
          "(items == $nmaxonstack) ? $noutca : $nallout";
        my ($cnt, @preinit, @xsargs, %already_read, %name2cnts) = -1;
        my @inputdecls = map "PDL_Indx ${_}_count=0;", grep $other{$_} && $optypes->{$_}->is_array, @inargs;
        foreach my $x (@inargs) {
          if (!$argorder && ($out{$x} || $other_out{$x} || exists $otherdefaults->{$x})) {
            last if @xsargs + keys(%out) + $noutca != $ntot;
            $argorder = 1; # remaining all output ndarrays, engage
          }
          $cnt++;
          $name2cnts{$x} = [$cnt, $cnt];
          $already_read{$x} = 1;
          push @xsargs, $x.(!$argorder ? '' :
            exists $otherdefaults->{$x} ? "=$otherdefaults->{$x}" :
            !$out{$x} ? '' :
            $inplace && $x eq $inplace->[1] ? "=$x" :
            "=".callPerlInit($x."_SV")
            );
          push @inputdecls, "$ptypes{$x}$x".($inplace && $x eq $inplace->[1] ? "=NO_INIT" : '');
        }
        my $shortcnt = my $xs_arg_cnt = $cnt;
        foreach my $x (@inargs[$cnt+1..$nmaxonstack-1]) {
          $cnt++;
          $name2cnts{$x} = [$cnt, undef];
          $name2cnts{$x}[1] = ++$shortcnt if !($out{$x} || $other_out{$x});
          push @xsargs, "$x=$x";
          push @inputdecls, "$ptypes{$x}$x".($other{$x} && !exists $otherdefaults->{$x} ? "; { ".callTypemap($x, $ptypes{$x}, $name)."; }" : "=NO_INIT");
        }
        push @inputdecls, map "$ptypes{$_}$_=".callPerlInit($_."_SV").";", grep $outca{$_}, @args;
        my $defaults_rawcond = $ndefault ? "items == $nin_minus_default" : '';
        my $svdecls = join '', map "\n  $_",
          (map "SV *${_}_SV = ".(
            !$name2cnts{$_} ? 'NULL' :
            ($argorder || (defined $otherdefaults->{$_} && !$nout)) ? "items > $name2cnts{$_}[1] ? ST($name2cnts{$_}[1]) : ".($other_out{$_} ? "sv_newmortal()" : "NULL") :
            $name2cnts{$_}[0] == ($name2cnts{$_}[1]//-1) ? "ST($name2cnts{$_}[0])" :
            "(items == $nmaxonstack) ? ST($name2cnts{$_}[0]) : ".
            (!defined $name2cnts{$_}[1] ? ($other_out{$_} ? "sv_newmortal()" : "NULL") :
              defined $otherdefaults->{$_} ? "!($defaults_rawcond) ? ST($name2cnts{$_}[1]) : ".($other_out{$_} ? "sv_newmortal()" : "NULL") :
              "ST($name2cnts{$_}[1])"
            )
          ).";", (grep !$already_read{$_}, $sig->names_in), $sig->names_out, @{$sig->othernames(1, 1, \%already_read)}),
          ;
        my $argcode =
          indent(2, join '',
            (map
              "if (!${_}_SV) { $_ = ($otherdefaults->{$_}); } else ".
              "{ ".callTypemap($_, $ptypes{$_}, $name)."; }\n",
              grep !$argorder && exists $otherdefaults->{$_}, @{$sig->othernames(1, 1)}),
            (map callTypemap($_, $ptypes{$_}, $name).";\n", grep !$already_read{$_}, $sig->names_in),
            (map +("if (${_}_SV) { ".($argorder ? '' : callTypemap($_, $ptypes{$_}, $name))."; } else ")."$_ = ".callPerlInit($_."_SV").";\n", grep $out{$_} && !$already_read{$_} && !($inplace && $_ eq $inplace->[1]), @args)
          );
        push @preinit, qq[PDL_XS_PREAMBLE($nretval);] if $nallout;
        push @preinit, qq{if (!(@{[join ' || ', map "(items == $_)", sort keys %valid_itemcounts]}))
    croak("Usage: ${main::PDLOBJ}::$name(@{[
        join ",", map exists $otherdefaults->{$_} ? "$_=$otherdefaults->{$_}" :
             $out{$_} || $other_out{$_} ? "[$_]" : $_, @inargs
    ]}) (you may leave [outputs] and values with =defaults out of list)");}
          unless $only_one || $argorder || ($nmaxonstack == keys(%valid_itemcounts) + $xs_arg_cnt);
        my $preamble = @preinit ? qq[\n PREINIT:@{[join "\n  ", "", @preinit]}\n INPUT:\n] : '';
        join '', qq[
\nNO_OUTPUT pdl_error
pdl_run_$name(@{[join ', ', @xsargs]})$svdecls
$preamble@{[join "\n  ", "", @inputdecls]}
 PPCODE:
], map "$_\n", $argcode;
      }),

   # globalnew implies internal usage, not XS
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("VarArgsXSReturn","GlobalNew",undef),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("FixArgsXSOtherOutDeclSV",
      ["SignatureObj"],
      "Generate XS to declare SVs for output OtherPars",
      sub {
        my ($sig) = @_;
        my $optypes = $sig->otherobjs;
        my @args = @{ $sig->allnames(1, 1) };
        my %outca = map +($_=>1), $sig->names_oca;
        my %other_output = map +($_=>1), my @other_output = ($sig->other_io, $sig->other_out);
        my $ci = 2;
        my $cnt = 0; my %outother2cnt;
        foreach my $x (grep !$outca{$_}, @args) {
            $outother2cnt{$x} = $cnt if $other_output{$x};
            $cnt++;
        }
        join "\n", map indent($ci,qq{SV *${_}_SV = ST($outother2cnt{$_});}), @other_output;
      }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("XSOtherOutSet",
      [qw(Name SignatureObj)],
      "Generate XS to set SVs to output values for OtherPars",
      sub {
        my ($name, $sig) = @_;
        my $clause1 = '';
        my @other_output = ($sig->other_io, $sig->other_out);
        my $optypes = $sig->otherobjs;
        my %ptypes = map +($_=>$$optypes{$_}->get_decl('', {VarArrays2Ptrs=>1})), @other_output;
        for my $x (@other_output) {
          my ($setter, $type) = typemap($ptypes{$x}, 'get_outputmap');
          $setter = typemap_eval($setter, {var=>$x, type=>$type, arg=>"tsv",
              pname=>$name});
          $clause1 .= <<EOF;
if (!${x}_SV)
  PDL->pdl_barf("Internal error in $name: tried to output to NULL ${x}_SV");
{\n  SV *tsv = sv_newmortal();
$setter
  sv_setsv(${x}_SV, tsv);\n}
EOF
        }
        indent(2, $clause1);
      }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("VarArgsXSReturn",
      ["SignatureObj"],
      "Generate XS trailer to return output variables or leave them as modified input variables",
      sub {
        my ($sig) = @_;
        my $oc = my @outs = $sig->names_out; # output ndarrays in calling order
        my @other_outputs = ($sig->other_io, $sig->other_out); # output OtherPars
        my $clause1 = join ';', (map "ST($_) = $outs[$_]_SV", 0 .. $#outs),
          (map "ST(@{[$_+$oc]}) = $other_outputs[$_]_SV", 0 .. $#other_outputs);
        $clause1 ? indent(2,"PDL_XS_RETURN($clause1)\n") : '';
      }),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NewXSHdr", ["NewXSName","SignatureObj"],
      sub {
        my($name,$sig) = @_;
        my $shortpars = join ',', @{ $sig->allnames(1, 1) };
        my $optypes = $sig->otherobjs;
        my @counts = map "PDL_Indx ${_}_count=0;", grep $optypes->{$_}->is_array, @{ $sig->othernames(1, 1) };
        my $longpars = join "\n", map "  $_", @counts, $sig->alldecls(1, 0, 1);
        return<<END;
\nNO_OUTPUT pdl_error
$name($shortpars)
$longpars
END
      }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::InsertName->new("RunFuncName", 'pdl_run_%s'),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NewXSCHdrs", ["RunFuncName","SignatureObj","GlobalNew"],
      sub {
        my($name,$sig,$gname) = @_;
        my $longpars = join ",", $sig->alldecls(0, 1);
        my $opening = '  pdl_error PDL_err = {0, NULL, 0};';
        my $closing = '  return PDL_err;';
        return ["pdl_error $name($longpars) {$opening","$closing}",
                "  PDL->$gname = $name;"];
      }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["RunFuncCall","RunFuncHdr"],["RunFuncName","SignatureObj"], sub {
        my ($func_name,$sig) = @_;
        my $shortpars = join ',', map $sig->other_is_output($_)?"&$_":$_, @{ $sig->allnames(0) };
        my $longpars = join ",", $sig->alldecls(0, 1);
        (indent(2,"RETVAL = $func_name($shortpars);\nPDL->barf_if_error(RETVAL);\n"),
          "pdl_error $func_name($longpars)");
      }),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("IgnoreTypesOf", ["FTypes","SignatureObj"], sub {
      my ($ftypes, $sig) = @_;
      my ($pnames, $pobjs) = ($sig->names_sorted, $sig->objs);
      $_->{FlagIgnore} = 1 for grep $ftypes->{$_->{Name}}, @$pobjs{@$pnames};
      +{map +($_,1), keys %$ftypes};
   }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("IgnoreTypesOf", {}),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NewXSTypeCoerceNS", ["StructName"],
      sub { "  PDL_RETERROR(PDL_err, PDL->type_coerce($_[0]));\n" }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("NewXSTypeCoerceSubd", "NewXSTypeCoerceNS"),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NewXSRunTrans", ["StructName"], sub {
      my($trans) = @_;
      "  PDL_RETERROR(PDL_err, PDL->make_trans_mutual($trans));\n";
   }),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["StructDecl","ParamStructType"],
      ["CompStruct","Name"],
      sub {
        my($comp,$name) = @_;
        return ('', '') if !$comp;
        my $ptype = "pdl_params_$name";
        (PDL::PP::pp_line_numbers(__LINE__-1, qq[typedef struct $ptype {\n]).qq[$comp\n} $ptype;],
        $ptype);
      }),

do {
sub wrap_vfn {
  my (
    $code,$rout,$func_header,
    $all_func_header,$sname,$pname,$ptype,$extra_args,
  ) = @_;
  join "", PDL::PP::pp_line_numbers(__LINE__,
qq[pdl_error $rout(pdl_trans *$sname$extra_args) {
  pdl_error PDL_err = {0, NULL, 0};]),
    ($ptype ? "  $ptype *$pname = $sname->params; (void)$pname;\n" : ''),
    indent(2, join '', grep $_, $all_func_header, $func_header, $code),
    "  return PDL_err;\n}";
}
sub make_vfn_args {
  my ($which, $extra_args) = @_;
  ("${which}Func",
    ["${which}CodeSubd","${which}FuncName","${which}FuncHeader?",
      qw(AllFuncHeader? StructName ParamStructName ParamStructType),
    ],
    sub {$_[1] eq 'NULL' ? '' : wrap_vfn(@_,$extra_args//'')}
  );
}
()},

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("MakeCompOther", [qw(SignatureObj ParamStructName)], sub { $_[0]->getcopy("$_[1]->%s") }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("MakeCompTotal", [qw(MakeCompOther MakeComp?)], sub { join "\n", grep $_, @_ }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("MakeCompiledReprSubd", "MakeCompTotal"),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NewXSSetTransPDLs", ["SignatureObj","StructName"], sub {
      my($sig,$trans) = @_;
      join '',
        map "  $trans->pdls[$_->[0]] = $_->[2];\n",
        grep !$_->[1], $sig->names_sorted_tuples;
   }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NewXSExtractTransPDLs", [qw(SignatureObj StructName MakeComp?)], sub {
      my($sig,$trans,$makecomp) = @_;
      !$makecomp ? '' : join '',
        map "  $_->[2] = $trans->pdls[$_->[0]];\n",
        grep !$_->[1], $sig->names_sorted_tuples;
   }),

   (map PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("${_}ReadDataCodeUnparsed", "${_}Code"), '', 'Bad'),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(PDL::PP::Code::make_args(qw(ReadData)),
		      sub { PDL::PP::Code->new(@_, undef, undef, 1); }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("ReadDataCodeSubd", "ReadDataCodeParsed"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::InsertName->new("ReadDataFuncName", 'pdl_%s_readdata'),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(make_vfn_args("ReadData")),

   (map PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("${_}WriteBackDataCodeUnparsed", "${_}BackCode"), '', 'Bad'),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(PDL::PP::Code::make_args(qw(WriteBackData)),
		      sub { PDL::PP::Code->new(@_, undef, 1, 1); }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("WriteBackDataCodeSubd", "WriteBackDataCodeParsed"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::InsertName->new("WriteBackDataFuncName", "BackCode", 'pdl_%s_writebackdata'),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::NULL->new("WriteBackDataFuncName", "Code"),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(make_vfn_args("WriteBackData")),

   # CORE21 move this into pdlapi so RedoDims without Code can broadcast
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("DefaultRedoDims",
      ["StructName"],
      sub { "PDL_RETERROR(PDL_err, PDL->redodims_default($_[0]));\n" }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("DimsSetters",
      ["SignatureObj"],
      sub { $_[0]->dims_init }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("RedoDimsFuncName", [qw(Name RedoDims? RedoDimsCode? DimsSetters)],
      sub { (scalar grep $_ && /\S/, @_[1..$#_]) ? "pdl_$_[0]_redodims" : 'NULL'}),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns->new("RedoDimsCode", [],
			       'Code that can be inserted to set the size of output ndarrays dynamically based on input ndarrays; is parsed',
			       ''),
   (map PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("RedoDims${_}Unparsed", "RedoDims$_"), '', 'Code'),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(PDL::PP::Code::make_args(qw(RedoDims)),
      'makes the parsed representation from the supplied RedoDimsCode',
      sub { return '' if !$_[0]; PDL::PP::Code->new(@_, 1, undef, 0); }),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("RedoDimsCodeParsed","RedoDimsUnparsed", sub {@_}),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("RedoDims",
      ["DimsSetters","RedoDimsCodeParsed","DefaultRedoDims"],
      'makes the redodims function from the various bits and pieces',
      sub { join "\n", grep $_ && /\S/, @_ }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("RedoDimsCodeSubd", "RedoDims"),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(make_vfn_args("RedoDims")),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("CompFreeCode", [qw(CompObj CompFreeCodeComp?)],
    "Free any OtherPars/Comp stuff, including user-supplied code (which is probably paired with own MakeComp)",
    sub {join '', grep defined() && length, $_[0]->getfree("COMP"), @_[1..$#_]},
   ),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NTPrivFreeCode", "PrivObj", sub {$_[0]->getfree("PRIV")}),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("FreeCodeNS",
      ["StructName","CompFreeCode","NTPrivFreeCode"],
      sub {
	  (grep $_, @_[1..$#_]) ? "PDL_FREE_CODE($_[0], destroy, $_[1], $_[2])" : ''}),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("FreeCodeSubd", "FreeCodeNS"),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new("FreeFuncName",
		      ["FreeCodeSubd","Name"],
		      sub {$_[0] ? "pdl_$_[1]_free" : 'NULL'}),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(make_vfn_args("Free", ", char destroy")),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NewXSCoerceMustNS", "FTypes",
      sub {
        my($ftypes) = @_;
        join '', map
          PDL::PP::pp_line_numbers(__LINE__, "$_->datatype = $ftypes->{$_};"),
          sort keys %$ftypes;
      }),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Returns::EmptyString->new("NewXSCoerceMustNS"),
   PDL::PP::Rule::Substitute->new("NewXSCoerceMustCompSubd", "NewXSCoerceMustNS"),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("NewXSStructInit0",
		      ["StructName","VTableName","ParamStructName","ParamStructType"],
		      "Rule to create and initialise the private trans structure",
      sub {
        my( $sname, $vtable, $pname, $ptype ) = @_;
        indent(2, <<EOF . ($ptype ? "$ptype *$pname = $sname->params;\n" : ""));
if (!PDL) return (pdl_error){PDL_EFATAL, "PDL core struct is NULL, can't continue",0};
pdl_trans *$sname = PDL->create_trans(&$vtable);
if (!$sname) return PDL->make_error_simple(PDL_EFATAL, "Couldn't create trans");
EOF
      }),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["RunFunc"],
      ["RunFuncHdr",
        "NewXSStructInit0",
        "NewXSSetTransPDLs",
        "NewXSTypeCoerceSubd",
        "NewXSExtractTransPDLs",
        "MakeCompiledReprSubd",
        "NewXSCoerceMustCompSubd",
        "NewXSRunTrans",
      ],
      "Generate C function with idiomatic arg list to maybe call from XS",
      sub {
        my ($xs_c_header, @bits) = @_;
        my $opening = '  pdl_error PDL_err = {0, NULL, 0};';
        my $closing = '  return PDL_err;';
        join '', "$xs_c_header {\n$opening\n", @bits, "$closing\n}\n";
      }),

   # internal usage, not XS - NewXSCHdrs only set if GlobalNew
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["NewXSCode","BootSetNewXS","NewXSInPrelude"],
      ["NewXSHdr", "NewXSCHdrs", "RunFuncCall"],
      "Non-varargs XS code when GlobalNew given",
      sub {(undef,(make_xs_code(' CODE:','',@_))[1..2])}),
   # if PMCode supplied, no var-args stuff
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["NewXSCode","BootSetNewXS","NewXSInPrelude"],
      [qw(PMCode NewXSHdr NewXSCHdrs? FixArgsXSOtherOutDeclSV HdrCode RunFuncCall FtrCode XSOtherOutSet)],
      "Non-varargs XS code when PMCode given",
      sub {make_xs_code(' CODE:','',@_[1..$#_])}),
   PDL::PP::Rule->new(["NewXSCode","BootSetNewXS","NewXSInPrelude"],
      [qw(VarArgsXSHdr NewXSCHdrs? HdrCode InplaceCode RunFuncCall FtrCode XSOtherOutSet VarArgsXSReturn)],
      "Rule to print out XS code when variable argument list XS processing is enabled",
      sub {make_xs_code('','',@_)}),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new("VTableDef",
      ["VTableName","ParamStructType","RedoDimsFuncName","ReadDataFuncName",
       "WriteBackDataFuncName","FreeFuncName",
       "SignatureObj","HaveBroadcasting","NoPthread","Name",
       "GenericTypes","IsAffineFlag","TwoWayFlag","DefaultFlowFlag",
       "BadFlag"],
      sub {
        my($vname,$ptype,$rdname,$rfname,$wfname,$ffname,
           $sig,$havebroadcasting, $noPthreadFlag, $name, $gentypes,
           $affflag, $revflag, $flowflag, $badflag) = @_;
        my ($pnames, $pobjs) = ($sig->names_sorted, $sig->objs);
        my $nparents = 0 + grep !$pobjs->{$_}->{FlagW}, @$pnames;
        my $npdls = scalar @$pnames;
        my @op_flags;
        push @op_flags, 'PDL_TRANS_DO_BROADCAST' if $havebroadcasting;
        push @op_flags, 'PDL_TRANS_BADPROCESS' if $badflag;
        push @op_flags, 'PDL_TRANS_BADIGNORE' if defined $badflag and !$badflag;
        push @op_flags, 'PDL_TRANS_NO_PARALLEL' if $noPthreadFlag;
        push @op_flags, 'PDL_TRANS_OUTPUT_OTHERPAR' if $sig->other_any_out;
        my $op_flags = join('|', @op_flags) || '0';
        my $iflags = join('|', grep $_, $affflag, $revflag, $flowflag) || '0';
        my $gentypes_txt = join(", ", (map PDL::Type->new($_)->sym, @$gentypes), '-1');
        my @realdims = map 0+@{$_->{IndObjs}}, @$pobjs{@$pnames};
        my $realdims = join(", ", @realdims) || '0';
        my $parnames = join(",",map qq|"$_"|, @$pnames) || '""';
        my $parflags = join(",\n  ",map join('|', $_->cflags)||'0', @$pobjs{@$pnames}) || '0';
        my $partypes = join(", ", map defined()?$_->sym:-1, map $_->{Type}, @$pobjs{@$pnames}) || '-1';
        my $i = 0; my @starts = map { my $ci = $i; $i += $_; $ci } @realdims;
        my $realdim_ind_start = join(", ", @starts) || '0';
        my @rd_inds = map $_->get_index, map @{$_->{IndObjs}}, @$pobjs{@$pnames};
        my $realdim_inds = join(", ", @rd_inds) || '0';
        my @indnames = sort $sig->dims_obj->ind_names;
        my $indnames = join(",", map qq|"$_"|, @indnames) || '""';
        my $sizeof = $ptype ? "sizeof($ptype)" : '0';
        <<EOF;
static pdl_datatypes ${vname}_gentypes[] = { $gentypes_txt };
static PDL_Indx ${vname}_realdims[] = { $realdims };
static char *${vname}_parnames[] = { $parnames };
static short ${vname}_parflags[] = {
  $parflags
};
static pdl_datatypes ${vname}_partypes[] = { $partypes };
static PDL_Indx ${vname}_realdims_starts[] = { $realdim_ind_start };
static PDL_Indx ${vname}_realdims_ind_ids[] = { $realdim_inds };
static char *${vname}_indnames[] = { $indnames };
pdl_transvtable $vname = {
  $op_flags, $iflags, ${vname}_gentypes, $nparents, $npdls, NULL /*CORE21*/,
  ${vname}_realdims, ${vname}_parnames,
  ${vname}_parflags, ${vname}_partypes,
  ${vname}_realdims_starts, ${vname}_realdims_ind_ids, @{[scalar @rd_inds]},
  @{[scalar @indnames]}, ${vname}_indnames,
  $rdname, $rfname, $wfname,
  $ffname,
  $sizeof,"$::PDLMOD\::$name"
};
EOF
      }),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new('PMFunc', 'Name',
     'Sets PMFunc to default symbol table manipulations',
     sub {
         my ($name) = @_;
         $::PDL_IFBEGINWRAP[0].'*'.$name.' = \&'.$::PDLOBJ.
                   '::'.$name.";\n".$::PDL_IFBEGINWRAP[1]
     }
   ),

   PDL::PP::Rule->new([], [qw(Lvalue Name)],
     'If Lvalue key, make the XS routine be lvalue with CvLVALUE_on',
     sub {
       my (undef, $name) = @_;
       push @::PDL_LVALUE_SUBS, $name;
       ();
     }
   ),

];
}

1;
