truncated_svd_projection — Logtalk 3.100.1

# `truncated_svd_projection`

Truncated singular value decomposition reducer for continuous datasets. The library implements the `dimension_reducer_protocol` defined in the `dimension_reduction_protocols` library and learns a low-rank linear projection by building a preprocessed data matrix using optional centering and scaling, extracting singular triplets using deterministic two-sided power iteration, and applying rank-one deflation directly to the data matrix.

## API documentation

Open the ../../apis/library_index.html#truncated_svd_projection link in a web browser.

## Loading

To load this library, load the `loader.lgt` file:

    | ?- logtalk_load(truncated_svd_projection(loader)).

## Testing

To test this library predicates, load the `tester.lgt` file:

    | ?- logtalk_load(truncated_svd_projection(tester)).

## Features

- Continuous Datasets: Accepts datasets containing only continuous attributes. Missing or nonnumeric values are rejected.

- Low-Rank Projection: Extracts right singular vectors and singular values in descending order.

- Portable SVD Solver: Uses deterministic two-sided power iteration with rank-one deflation over the data matrix instead of backend-specific linear algebra libraries.

- Optional Centering and Scaling: Supports explicit control over whether training and transform inputs are centered and/or scaled.

- Training Diagnostics: Records per-component convergence reasons, iteration counts, and final deltas alongside the learned singular values.

- Projection API: Transforms a new instance into a list of `component_N-Value` pairs.

- Model Export: Learned reducers can be exported as predicate clauses or written to a file.

## Options

The `learn/3` predicate accepts the following options:

- `n_components/1`: Number of singular vectors to extract. The default is `2`. Requests that exceed the numerical rank after shape capping raise `domain_error(component_count, Requested-Extracted)` instead of silently returning fewer components.

- `center/1`: Whether to center the training and transform inputs using the training-set means. Options: `true` or `false` (default).

- `feature_scaling/1`: Whether to divide each continuous attribute by its training-set standard deviation. Options: `true` or `false` (default).

- `maximum_iterations/1`: Maximum number of power-iteration steps used when estimating each singular vector. The default is `1000`.

- `tolerance/1`: Positive convergence tolerance used both for power-iteration stopping and for deciding when the residual matrix no longer supports the requested number of components. The default is `1.0e-8`.

The learned diagnostics also include:

- `convergence(Statuses)`: Per-component stop reasons, such as `tolerance` or `maximum_iterations_exhausted`.

- `iterations(Counts)`: Per-component iteration counts aligned with the extracted singular vectors.

- `final_delta(Deltas)`: Per-component final update magnitudes aligned with the extracted singular vectors.

## Usage

The following examples use the sample datasets shipped with the `dimension_reduction_protocols` library:

    | ?- logtalk_load(dimension_reduction_protocols('test_datasets/low_rank_rectangular')).

### Learning a reducer

    | ?- truncated_svd_projection::learn(low_rank_rectangular, DimensionReducer).

    | ?- truncated_svd_projection::learn(low_rank_rectangular, DimensionReducer, [n_components(1), center(false), feature_scaling(false), maximum_iterations(200), tolerance(1.0e-7)]).

### Transforming new instances

    | ?- truncated_svd_projection::learn(low_rank_rectangular, DimensionReducer),
         truncated_svd_projection::transform(DimensionReducer, [f1-1.0, f2-1.0, f3-2.0], ReducedInstance).

### Exporting and reusing the reducer

    | ?- truncated_svd_projection::learn(low_rank_rectangular, DimensionReducer, [n_components(1)]),
         truncated_svd_projection::export_to_file(low_rank_rectangular, DimensionReducer, reducer, 'truncated_svd_reducer.pl').

    | ?- logtalk_load('truncated_svd_reducer.pl'),
         reducer(Reducer),
         truncated_svd_projection::transform(Reducer, [f1-1.0, f2-1.0, f3-2.0], ReducedInstance).

## Dimension reducer representation

The learned dimension reducer is represented by a compound term with the functor chosen by the implementation and arity 4. For example:

    truncated_svd_reducer(Encoders, Components, SingularValues, Diagnostics)

Where:

- `Encoders`: List of continuous attribute encoders storing attribute name, centering offset, and scale factor.

- `Components`: List of right singular vectors in descending singular-value order.

- `SingularValues`: List of singular values matching the extracted components.

- `Diagnostics`: Learned reducer metadata including the effective training options, singular values, and per-component convergence information.

## References

1. Eckart, C. and Young, G. (1936) - “The approximation of one matrix by another of lower rank”.