arbitrary — Logtalk 3.100.1

# `arbitrary`

The `arbitrary` library defines an `arbitrary` category providing predicates for generating random values for selected types to the `type` object, complementing its type checking predicates. Both the object and the category predicates can be extended by the user with definitions for new types by defining clauses for multifile predicates. This library is notably used in the QuickCheck implementation by the `lgtunit` tool. See also the documentation of the `mutations` library for related functionality.

## API documentation

Open the ../../apis/library_index.html#arbitrary link in a web browser.

## Loading

To load all entities in this library, load the `loader.lgt` file:

    | ?- logtalk_load(arbitrary(loader)).

## Testing

To test this library predicates, load the `tester.lgt` file:

    | ?- logtalk_load(arbitrary(tester)).

Several of the provided tests are generic and verify the correct behavior of all pre-defined and loaded user-defined generators and shrinkers for all ground types.

## Pre-defined types

This library defines random generators for the most common Logtalk and Prolog types. See the API documentation for a listing of all the pre-defined types.

## Usage

The `arbitrary` category complements the `type` object and thus its predicates are accessed via this object. For example:

    | ?- type::arbitrary(integer, Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = -816
    yes

## Defining new generators and shrinkers

To define a generator of arbitrary values for a type, define a clause for the `arbitrary::arbitrary/1` multifile predicate specifying the type and a clause for the `arbitrary::arbitrary/2` multifile predicate generating an arbitrary term of the specified type. As a simple example, assume that we want to define an “odd integer type”. We start by defining both the type checker and the arbitrary generator:

    :- multifile(type::type/1).
    type::type(odd).

    :- multifile(type::check/2).
    type::check(odd, Term) :-
        (   var(Term) ->
            throw(instantiation_error)
        ;   integer(Term),
            Term mod 2 =:= 1 ->
            true
        ;   throw(type_error(odd, Term))
        ).

    :- multifile(arbitrary::arbitrary/1).
    arbitrary::arbitrary(odd).

    :- multifile(arbitrary::arbitrary/2).
    arbitrary::arbitrary(odd, Arbitrary) :-
        type::arbitrary(integer, Arbitrary0),
        (   Arbitrary0 mod 2 =:= 1 ->
            Arbitrary = Arbitrary0
        ;   Arbitrary is Arbitrary0 + 1
        ).

The `arbitrary` library also provides meta-types that can simplify the definition of new generators. For example, the `odd` type above can also be defined using the `constrain/2` meta-type to only generate values that satisfy a closure:

    arbitrary::arbitrary(odd, Arbitrary) :-
        arbitrary(constrain(integer, [Arbitrary]>>(Arbitrary mod 2 =:= 1)), Arbitrary).

Another example is using the `transform/2` meta-type to transform generated values for a base type using a closure. Assuming that we want to generate a sorted list of random integers, we can write:

    arbitrary::arbitrary(sorted_integer_list, Arbitrary) :-
        arbitrary(transform(list(integer), sort), Arbitrary).

We can also define a clause for the `arbitrary::shrinker/1` multifile predicate to declare a new shrinker and a `arbitrary::shrink/3` multifile predicate for shrinking arbitrary values for QuickCheck usage:

    :- multifile(arbitrary::shrinker/1).
    arbitrary::shrinker(odd).

    :- multifile(arbitrary::shrink/3).
    arbitrary::shrink(odd, Large, Small) :-
        integer(Large),
        (   Large < -1 ->
            Small is Large + 2
        ;   Large > 1,
            Small is Large - 2
        ).

Definitions for the `shrink/3` predicate should either succeed or fail but never throw an exception. The `shrink_sequence/3` predicate can be used to help test that shrinking a value results in a finite sequence of values.

It is also possible to define edge cases for a given type for use with QuickCheck implementations. For example:

    :- multifile(arbitrary::edge_case/2).
    arbitrary::edge_case(odd,  1).
    arbitrary::edge_case(odd, -1).

Edge cases are tried before resorting to generating arbitrary values for a type.

A more complex example is generating arbitrary values for a recursive type. A simple example of a recursive type is a binary tree. Assuming that we are working with a binary tree holding integers where each node is represented by a `node(Left, Right)` compound term, we can define a `node(Depth)` type where `Depth` is the maximum depth of the tree. This argument allows us to prevent excessively deep trees:

    :- category(binary_tree).

        :- multifile(type::type/1).
        type::type(node(_)).

        :- multifile(type::check/2).
        type::check(node(_), Term) :-
            (   check(Term) ->
                true
            ;   var(Term) ->
                throw(instantiation_error)
            ;   throw(type_error(node(_), Term))
            ).

        check(Term) :-
            (   integer(Term) ->
                true
            ;   compound(Term),
                Term = node(Left, Right),
                check(Left),
                check(Right)
            ).

        :- multifile(arbitrary::arbitrary/1).
        arbitrary::arbitrary(node(_)).

        :- multifile(arbitrary::arbitrary/2).
        arbitrary::arbitrary(node(Depth), Arbitrary) :-
        (   Depth > 1 ->
            NewDepth is Depth - 1,
            type::arbitrary(
                types_frequency([
                    integer - 1,
                    compound(
                        node,
                        [
                            types([node(NewDepth), integer]),
                            types([node(NewDepth), integer])
                        ]
                    ) - 3
                ]),
                Arbitrary
            )
        ;   type::arbitrary(
        integer, Arbitrary)
        ).

    :- end_category.

In this second example, we use some of the pre-defined types provided by the library. The `types_frequency(Pairs)` type supports generating random terms for a type in the `Type-Frequency` pairs list where the type is randomly chosen after the types relative frequency. The `compound(Name, Types)` type supports generating compound terms with a given name and random arguments after the given types:

    | ?- type::arbitrary(node(4), Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = 907
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(node(4), Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = node(node(node(522, 509), node(83, 453)), node(454, -197))
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(node(4), Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = node(node(-875, -866), -254)
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(node(4), Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = node(-133, -831)
    yes

The source code of these examples can be found in the `test_files` directory. Other examples of arbitrary term generators can be found in the implementation of the `optionals` and `expecteds` libraries.

## Scoped generators and shrinkers

Declaring a new generator and possibly a shrinker for a custom type raises the possibility of a conflict with third-party-defined generators and shrinkers. An alternative is to use the `(::)/2` meta-type to define scoped generators and shrinkers. For example:

    :- object(scoped).

        % the same predicate is used for both generating and validating
        :- public(custom/1).
        custom(Term) :-
            (   var(Term) ->
                % assume predicate used as a generator
                random::random(Term)
            ;   % assume predicate used as a validator
                float(Term)
            ).

        % a predicate with the same name is used for shrinking
        :- public(custom/2).
        custom(Larger, Small) :-
            Small is Larger / 2.

    :- end_object.

Some sample calls:

    | ?- type::arbitrary(scoped::custom, Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = 0.5788130906607927
    yes

    | ?- type::valid(scoped::custom, foo).
    no

    | ?- type::check(scoped::custom, _).
    ERROR: type_error(instantiation_error)

    | ?- type::check(scoped::custom, foo).
    ERROR: type_error(scoped::custom, foo)

    | ?- type::shrink(scoped::custom, 0.42, Smaller).
    Smaller = 0.21
    yes

The source code of this example can be found in the `test_files` directory.

## Reproducing sequences of arbitrary terms

The `arbitrary` category provides access to the pseudo-random generator it uses via the `get_seed/1` and `set_seed/1`. This allows sequences of arbitrary values to be reproduced. For example:

    | ?- type::get_seed(Seed).
    Seed = seed(3172, 9814, 20125)
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(integer, Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = -816
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(integer, Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = -113
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(integer, Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = 446

    | ?- type::set_seed(seed(3172, 9814, 20125)).
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(integer, Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = -816
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(integer, Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = -113
    yes

    | ?- type::arbitrary(integer, Arbitrary).
    Arbitrary = 446
    yes

The seed should be regarded as an opaque term and handled using the `get_seed/1` and `set_seed/1` predicates. These predicates are notably used in the QuickCheck implementation provided by the `lgtunit` tool.

## Default size of generated terms

The library uses the value 42 for the default size of generated terms for types where size is meaningful and implicit. To override this default value, define a clause for the `arbitrary::max_size/1` multifile predicate. The new default size must be a positive integer. For example:

    :- multifile(arbitrary::max_size/1).
    arbitrary::max_size(7).

When multiple definitions exist, the first valid one found is used. When no definition is valid, the default value of 42 is used.

## Known issues

Some Prolog systems either don’t support the null character or provide buggy results when calling `char_code/2` with a code of zero. When that’s the case, the null character is excluded when generating arbitrary characters or character codes.

Generating arbitrary Unicode characters (instead of Unicode codepoints) is inherently problematic as the process first generates codepoints and then tries to use the standard `char_code/2` to convert them to characters. But, depending on the backend Prolog system and its internal (if any) Unicode normalization, it may not be possible to convert a codepoint to a single character.