v.normal - GRASS GIS manual
Author: GRASS Development Team
Description: v.normal: Tests for normality for vector points.
Keywords: vector, statistics, points, point pattern

## NAME

v.normal - Tests for normality for vector points.

## KEYWORDS

vector, statistics, points, point pattern

## SYNOPSIS

v.normal
v.normal --help
v.normal [-rl] map=name [layer=string] tests=range[,range,...] column=name [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

### Flags:

-r
  Use only points in current region
-l
  Lognormality instead of normality
--help
  Print usage summary
--verbose
  Verbose module output
--quiet
  Quiet module output
--ui
  Force launching GUI dialog

### Parameters:

map=name [required]
  Name of vector map
  Or data source for direct OGR access
layer=string
  Layer number or name
  Vector features can have category values in different layers. This number determines which layer to use. When used with direct OGR access this is the layer name.
  Default: 1
tests=range[,range,...] [required]
  Lists of tests (1-15)
  E.g. 1,3-8,13
column=name [required]
  Name of attribute column

## DESCRIPTION

v.normal computes tests of normality on vector points.

## NOTES

The tests that v.normal performs are indexed below. The tests that are performed are specified by giving an index, ranges of indices, or multiple thereof.

1. Sample skewness and kurtosis
2. Geary's a-statistic and an approximate normal transformation
3. Extreme normal deviates
4. D'Agostino's D-statistic
5. Modified Kuiper V-statistic
6. Modified Watson U^2-statistic
7. Durbin's Exact Test (modified Kolmogorov)
8. Modified Anderson-Darling statistic
9. Modified Cramer-Von Mises W^2-statistic
10. Kolmogorov-Smirnov D-statistic (modified for normality testing)
11. Chi-Square test statistic (equal probability classes) and the number of degrees of freedom
12. Shapiro-Wilk W Test
13. Weisberg-Binghams W'' (similar to Shapiro-Francia's W')
14. Royston's extension of W for large samples
15. Kotz Separate-Families Test for Lognormality vs. Normality

## EXAMPLE

Compute the sample skewness and kurtosis, Geary's a-statistic and an approximate normal transformation, extreme normal deviates, and Royston's W for the random vector points:

    g.region raster=elevation -p
    v.random random n=200
    v.db.addtable random column="elev double precision"
    v.what.rast random rast=elevation column=elev
    v.normal random tests=1-3,14 column=elev

## SEE ALSO

v.univar

## AUTHOR

James Darrell McCauley <darrell@mccauley-usa.com>,
when he was at: Agricultural Engineering Purdue University

## SOURCE CODE

Available at: v.normal source code (history)

Accessed: Wednesday Jun 03 04:20:43 2026

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