Building and Installing Erlang/OTP — Erlang System Documentation v28.4.1

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# Building and Installing Erlang/OTP

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## Introduction

This document describes how to build and install Erlang/OTP-28. Erlang/OTP should be possible to build from source on any Unix/Linux system, including macOS. You are advised to read the whole document before attempting to build and install Erlang/OTP.

The source code can be downloaded from the official site of Erlang/OTP or GitHub.

- http://www.erlang.org/downloads
- https://github.com/erlang/otp

## Required Utilities

These are the tools you need in order to unpack and build Erlang/OTP.

### Unpacking

- GNU unzip, or a modern uncompress.
- A TAR program that understands the GNU TAR format for long filenames.

### Building

- GNU `make`
- Compiler -- GNU C Compiler, `gcc` or the C compiler frontend for LLVM, `clang`.
- Perl 5
- `ncurses`, `termcap`, or `termlib` -- The development headers and libraries are needed, often known as `ncurses-devel`. Use `--without-termcap` to build without any of these libraries. Note that in this case only the old shell (without any line editing) can be used.
- `sed` -- Stream Editor for basic text transformation.

#### Building in Git

Build the same way as when building the unpacked tar file.

#### Building on macOS

- Xcode -- Download and install via the Mac App Store. Read about Building on a Mac before proceeding.

### Installing

- An `install` program that can take multiple file names.

## Optional Utilities

Some applications are automatically skipped if the dependencies aren't met. Here is a list of utilities needed for those applications. You will also find the utilities needed for building the documentation.

### Building

- OpenSSL -- The opensource toolkit for Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security. Required for building the application `crypto`. Further, `ssl` and `ssh` require a working crypto application and will also be skipped if OpenSSL is missing. The `public_key` application is available without `crypto`, but the functionality will be very limited.

  The development package of OpenSSL including the header files are needed as well as the binary command program `openssl`. At least version 0.9.8 of OpenSSL is required. Read more and download from http://www.openssl.org.

- Oracle Java SE JDK -- The Java Development Kit (Standard Edition). Required for building the application `jinterface`. At least version 1.6.0 of the JDK is required.

  Download from http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads. We have also tested with IBM's JDK 1.6.0.

- `flex` -- Headers and libraries are needed to build the flex scanner for the `megaco` application on Unix/Linux.

- wxWidgets -- Toolkit for GUI applications. Required for building the `wx` application. At least version 3.0 of wxWidgets is required.

  Download from http://sourceforge.net/projects/wxwindows/files/3.0.0/ or get it from GitHub: https://github.com/wxWidgets/wxWidgets

  Further instructions on wxWidgets, read Building with Wx.

### Building Documentation

- `ex_doc` -- ExDoc is a tool to generate html and epub documentation for Erlang and Elixir projects.

  Download as an escript from github or get it from GitHub: https://github.com/elixir-lang/ex_doc and build your self.

  ExDoc v0.39.3 was used to build the documentation for this release, but any version after that should work just as well.

  You can also use `./otp_build download_ex_doc` to download the correct version from github. One of the following dependencies are needed to check the documentation:

  - sha256sum, or
  - sha1sum, or
  - shasum

## How to Build and Install Erlang/OTP

The following instructions are for building the released source tar ball or from a git clone.

The variable `$ERL_TOP` will be mentioned a lot of times. It refers to the top directory in the source tree. More information about `$ERL_TOP` can be found in the make and $ERL_TOP section below.

### Unpacking

Start by unpacking the Erlang/OTP distribution file with your GNU compatible TAR program.

    $ tar -zxf otp_src_28.4.1.tar.gz    # Assuming bash/sh

or clone from github:

    $ git clone https://github.com/erlang/otp otp_src_28.4.1

Now change directory into the base directory and set the `$ERL_TOP` variable.

    $ cd otp_src_28.4.1
    $ export ERL_TOP=`pwd`    # Assuming bash/sh

### Configuring

Run the following commands to configure the build:

    $ ./configure [ options ]

By default, Erlang/OTP release will be installed in `/usr/local/{bin,lib/erlang}`. If you for instance don't have the permission to install in the standard location, you can install Erlang/OTP somewhere else. For example, to install in `/opt/erlang/28.4.1/{bin,lib/erlang}`, use the `--prefix=/opt/erlang/28.4.1` option.

On some platforms Perl may behave strangely if certain locales are set. If you get errors when building, try setting the LANG variable:

    $ export LANG=C   # Assuming bash/sh

### Building

Build the Erlang/OTP release.

    $ make

### Testing

Before installation you should test whether your build is working properly by running our smoke test. The smoke test is a subset of the complete Erlang/OTP test suites. First you will need to build and release the test suites.

    $ make release_tests

This creates an additional folder in `$ERL_TOP/release` called `tests`. Now, it's time to start the smoke test.

    $ cd release/tests/test_server
    $ $ERL_TOP/bin/erl -s ts install -s ts smoke_test batch -s init stop

To verify that everything is ok you should open `$ERL_TOP/release/tests/test_server/index.html` in your web browser and make sure that there are zero failed test cases.

#### Note

On builds without `crypto`, `ssl` and `ssh` there is a failed test case for undefined functions. Verify that the failed test case log only shows calls to skipped applications.

### Installing

You are now ready to install the Erlang/OTP release! The following command will install the release on your system.

    $ make install

### Running

You should now have a working release of Erlang/OTP! Jump to System Principles for instructions on running Erlang/OTP.

### How to Build the Documentation

Make sure you're in the top directory in the source tree.

    $ cd $ERL_TOP

If you have just built Erlang/OTP in the current source tree, you have already ran `configure` and do not need to do this again; otherwise, run `configure`.

    $ ./configure [Configure Args]

When building the documentation you need a full Erlang/OTP-28.4.1 system in the `$PATH`.

    $ export PATH=$ERL_TOP/bin:$PATH     # Assuming bash/sh

To build `html` and `epub` docs you need to have ExDoc v0.39.3. See Building Documentation for information on how to install ExDoc.

Build the documentation using:

    $ make docs

It is possible to limit which types of documentation is build by passing the `DOC_TARGETS` environment variable to `make docs`.

Example:

    $ make docs DOC_TARGETS=chunks

The currently available types are: `html` and `chunks`. Where:

- chunks - Build EEP-48 documentation chunks.
- html - Build html and epub documentation.

### How to Install the Documentation

The documentation can be installed either using the `install-docs` target, or using the `release_docs` target.

- If you have installed Erlang/OTP using the `install` target, install the documentation using the `install-docs` target. Install locations determined by `configure` will be used. `$DESTDIR` can be used the same way as when doing `make install`.

      $ make install-docs

- If you have installed Erlang/OTP using the `release` target, install the documentation using the `release_docs` target. You typically want to use the same `RELEASE_ROOT` as when invoking `make release`.

      $ make release_docs RELEASE_ROOT=<release dir>

It is possible to limit which types of documentation is released using the same `DOC_TARGETS` environment variable as when building documentation.

### Accessing the Documentation

After installation you can access the documentation by

- Browsing the html pages by loading the page `/usr/local/lib/erlang/doc/erlang/index.html` or `<BaseDir>/lib/erlang/doc/erlang/index.html` if the prefix option has been used.

- Read the embedded documentation by using the built-in shell functions `h/1,2,3` or `ht/1,2,3`.

### How to Install the Pre-formatted Documentation

Pre-formatted html documentation can be downloaded from http://www.erlang.org/download.html.

Extract the html archive in the installation directory.

    $ cd <ReleaseDir>
    $ tar -zxf otp_html_28.4.1.tar.gz

Where `<ReleaseDir>` is

- `<PrefixDir>/lib/erlang` if you have installed Erlang/OTP using `make install`.
- `$DESTDIR<PrefixDir>/lib/erlang` if you have installed Erlang/OTP using `make install DESTDIR=<TmpInstallDir>`.
- `RELEASE_ROOT` if you have installed using `make release RELEASE_ROOT=<ReleaseDir>`.

## Advanced configuration and build of Erlang/OTP

If you want to tailor your Erlang/OTP build and installation, please read on for detailed information about the individual steps.

### make and $ERL_TOP

All the makefiles in the entire directory tree use the environment variable `ERL_TOP` to find the absolute path of the installation. The `configure` script will figure this out and set it in the top level Makefile (which, when building, it will pass on). However, when developing it is sometimes convenient to be able to run make in a subdirectory. To do this you must set the `ERL_TOP` variable before you run make.

For example, assume your GNU make program is called `make` and you want to rebuild the application `STDLIB`, then you could do:

    $ cd lib/stdlib; env ERL_TOP=<Dir> make

where `<Dir>` would be what you find `ERL_TOP` is set to in the top level Makefile.

### otp_build vs configure/make

Building Erlang/OTP can be done either by using the `$ERL_TOP/otp_build` script, or by invoking `$ERL_TOP/configure` and `make` directly. Building using `otp_build` is easier since it involves fewer steps, but the `otp_build` build procedure is not as flexible as the `configure`/`make` build procedure. The binary releases for Windows that we deliver are built using `otp_build`.

### Configuring

The configure script is created by the GNU autoconf utility, which checks for system specific features and then creates a number of makefiles.

The configure script allows you to customize a number of parameters; type `./configure --help` or `./configure --help=recursive` for details. `./configure --help=recursive` will give help for all `configure` scripts in all applications.

One of the things you can specify is where Erlang/OTP should be installed. By default Erlang/OTP will be installed in `/usr/local/{bin,lib/erlang}`. To keep the same structure but install in a different place, `<Dir>` say, use the `--prefix` argument like this: `./configure --prefix=<Dir>`.

Some of the available `configure` options are:

- `--prefix=PATH` - Specify installation prefix.
- `--disable-parallel-configure` - Disable parallel execution of `configure` scripts (parallel execution is enabled by default)
- `--{enable,disable}-jit` - Force enabling or disabling of the JIT.
- `--{enable,disable}-kernel-poll` - Kernel poll support (enabled by default if possible)
- `--enable-m64-build` - Build 64-bit binaries using the `-m64` flag to `(g)cc`
- `--enable-m32-build` - Build 32-bit binaries using the `-m32` flag to `(g)cc`
- `--{enable,disable}-pie` - Build position independent executable binaries.
- `--with-assumed-cache-line-size=SIZE` - Set assumed cache-line size in bytes. Default is 64. Valid values are powers of two between and including 16 and 8192. The runtime system use this value in order to try to avoid false sharing. A too large value wastes memory. A to small value will increase the amount of false sharing.
- `--{with,without}-termcap` - termcap (without implies that only the old Erlang shell can be used)
- `--with-javac=JAVAC` - Specify Java compiler to use
- `--{with,without}-javac` - Java compiler (without implies that the `jinterface` application won't be built)
- `--{enable,disable}-builtin-zlib` - Use the built-in source for zlib.
- `--{enable,disable}-dynamic-ssl-lib` - Enable or disable dynamic OpenSSL libraries when linking the crypto NIF. By default dynamic linking is done unless it does not work or is if it is a Windows system.
- `--{with,without}-ssl` - OpenSSL (without implies that the `crypto`, `ssh`, and `ssl` won't be built)
- `--with-ssl=PATH` - Specify base location of OpenSSL include and lib directories.
- `--with-ssl-incl=PATH` - Specify base location of OpenSSL `include` directory (if different than base location specified by --with-ssl=PATH).
- `--with-ssl-zlib=PATH` - Path to static zlib library to link the crypto NIF with. This zlib library is most often not necessary but might be needed in order to link the NIF in some cases.
- `--with-ssl-lib-subdir=RELATIVE_PATH` - Specify extra OpenSSL lib sub-directory to search in (relative to base directory).
- `--with-ssl-rpath=yes|no|PATHS` - Runtime library path for OpenSSL. Default is `yes`, which equates to a number of standard locations. If `no`, then no runtime library paths will be used. Anything else should be a comma or colon separated list of paths.
- `--with-libatomic_ops=PATH` - Use the `libatomic_ops` library for atomic memory accesses. If `configure` should inform you about no native atomic implementation available, you typically want to try using the `libatomic_ops` library. It can be downloaded from https://github.com/ivmai/libatomic_ops/.
- `--disable-smp-require-native-atomics` - By default `configure` will fail if an SMP runtime system is about to be built, and no implementation for native atomic memory accesses can be found. If this happens, you are encouraged to find a native atomic implementation that can be used, e.g., using `libatomic_ops`, but by passing `--disable-smp-require-native-atomics` you can build using a fallback implementation based on mutexes or spinlocks. Performance of the SMP runtime system will however suffer immensely without an implementation for native atomic memory accesses.
- `--enable-static-{nifs,drivers}` - To allow usage of nifs and drivers on OSs that do not support dynamic linking of libraries it is possible to statically link nifs and drivers with the main Erlang VM binary. This is done by passing a comma separated list to the archives that you want to statically link. e.g. `--enable-static-nifs=/home/$USER/my_nif.a`. The paths have to be absolute. For drivers, the driver name has to be the same as the filename. You also have to define `STATIC_ERLANG_NIF_LIBNAME` (see `erl_nif` documentation) or `STATIC_ERLANG_DRIVER` when compiling the .o files for the nif/driver. If your nif/driver depends on some other dynamic library, you now have to link that to the Erlang VM binary. This is easily achieved by passing `LIBS=-llibname` to configure.
- `--without-$app` - By default all applications in Erlang/OTP will be included in a release. If this is not wanted it is possible to specify that Erlang/OTP should be compiled without one or more applications, i.e. `--without-wx`. There is no automatic dependency handling between applications. If you disable an application that another application depends on, you also have to disable the dependent application.
- `--enable-gettimeofday-as-os-system-time` - Force usage of `gettimeofday()` for OS system time.
- `--enable-prefer-elapsed-monotonic-time-during-suspend` - Prefer an OS monotonic time source with elapsed time during suspend.
- `--disable-prefer-elapsed-monotonic-time-during-suspend` - Do not prefer an OS monotonic time source with elapsed time during suspend.
- `--with-clock-resolution=high|low` - Try to find clock sources for OS system time, and OS monotonic time with higher or lower resolution than chosen by default. Note that both alternatives may have a negative impact on the performance and scalability compared to the default clock sources chosen.
- `--enable-ensure-os-monotonic-time` - Enable functionality ensuring the monotonicity of monotonic timestamps delivered by the OS. When a non-monotonic timestamp is detected, it will be replaced by the last delivered monotonic timestamp before being used by Erlang's time functionality. Note that you do not want to enable this unless the OS monotonic time source on the system fails to produce monotonic timestamps. This since ensuring the monotonicity of OS monotonic timestamps will hurt scalability and performance of the system.
- `--disable-saved-compile-time` - Disable saving of compile date and time in the emulator binary.
- `--enable-ei-dynamic-lib` - Make erl_interface build a shared library in addition to the archive normally built.
- `--disable-year2038` - Don't support timestamps after mid-January 2038. By default `configure` will try to enable support for timestamps after mid-January 2038. If it cannot figure out how to do that, it will fail and abort with an error. If you anyway want to build the system knowing that the system won't function properly after mid-January 2038, you can pass this option which will enable `configure` to continue without support for timestamps after mid-January 2038. This is typically only an issue on 32-bit platforms.
- `--disable-security-hardening-flags` - Disable all security hardening flags when compiling Erlang/OTP. This can be useful in some scenarios when the flags either causes Erlang/OTP not to build, or unacceptable performance degradations.

If you or your system has special requirements please read the `Makefile` for additional configuration information.

#### Important Variables Inspected by configure

##### Compiler and Linker

- `CC` - C compiler.
- `CFLAGS` - C compiler flags. Defaults to "-g -O2". If you set it, these will be removed.
- `STATIC_CFLAGS` - Static C compiler flags.
- `CFLAG_RUNTIME_LIBRARY_PATH` - This flag should set runtime library search path for the shared libraries. Note that this actually is a linker flag, but it needs to be passed via the compiler.
- `CPP` - C pre-processor.
- `CPPFLAGS` - C pre-processor flags.
- `CXX` - C++ compiler.
- `CXXFLAGS` - C++ compiler flags.
- `LD` - Linker.
- `LDFLAGS` - Linker flags.
- `LIBS` - Libraries.

##### Dynamic Erlang Driver Linking

#### Note

Either set all or none of the `DED_LD*` variables (with the exception of `DED_LDFLAGS_CONFTEST`).

- `DED_LD` - Linker for Dynamically loaded Erlang Drivers.
- `DED_LDFLAGS` - Linker flags to use with `DED_LD`.
- `DED_LDFLAGS_CONFTEST` - Linker flags to use with `DED_LD` in configure link tests if `DED_LDFLAGS` cannot be used in such tests. If not set, `DED_LDFLAGS` will be used in configure tests.
- `DED_LD_FLAG_RUNTIME_LIBRARY_PATH` - This flag should set runtime library search path for shared libraries when linking with `DED_LD`.

##### Large File Support

#### Note

Either set all or none of the `LFS_*` variables.

- `LFS_CFLAGS` - Large file support C compiler flags.
- `LFS_LDFLAGS` - Large file support linker flags.
- `LFS_LIBS` - Large file support libraries.

##### Other Tools

- `RANLIB` - `ranlib` archive index tool.
- `AR` - `ar` archiving tool.
- `GETCONF` - `getconf` system configuration inspection tool. `getconf` is currently used for finding out large file support flags to use, and on Linux systems for finding out if we have an NPTL thread library or not.

#### Updating configure Scripts

Generated `configure` scripts are nowadays included in the git repository.

If you modify any `configure.in` files or the `erts/aclocal.m4` file, you need to regenerate `configure` scripts before the changes will take effect. First ensure that you have GNU `autoconf` of version 2.69 in your path. Then execute `./otp_build update_configure [--no-commit]` in the `$ERL_TOP` directory. The `otp_build` script will verify that `autoconf` is of correct version and will refuse to update the `configure` scripts if it is of any other version.

#### Atomic Memory Operations and the VM

The VM with SMP support makes quite a heavy use of atomic memory operations. An implementation providing native atomic memory operations is therefore very important when building Erlang/OTP. By default the VM will refuse to build if native atomic memory operations are not available.

Erlang/OTP itself provides implementations of native atomic memory operations that can be used when compiling with a `gcc` compatible compiler for 32/64-bit x86, 32/64-bit SPARC V9, 32-bit PowerPC, or 32-bit Tile. When compiling with a `gcc` compatible compiler for other architectures, the VM may be able to make use of native atomic operations using the `__atomic_*` builtins (may be available when using a `gcc` of at least version 4.7) and/or using the `__sync_*` builtins (may be available when using a `gcc` of at least version 4.1). If only the `gcc`'s `__sync_*` builtins are available, the performance will suffer. Such a configuration should only be used as a last resort. When compiling on Windows using a MicroSoft Visual C++ compiler native atomic memory operations are provided by Windows APIs.

Native atomic implementation in the order preferred:

1. The implementation provided by Erlang/OTP.
2. The API provided by Windows.
3. The implementation based on the `gcc` `__atomic_*` builtins.
4. If none of the above are available for your architecture/compiler, you are recommended to build and install libatomic_ops before building Erlang/OTP. The `libatomic_ops` library provides native atomic memory operations for a variety of architectures and compilers. When building Erlang/OTP you need to inform the build system of where the `libatomic_ops` library is installed using the `--with-libatomic_ops=PATH` `configure` switch.
5. As a last resort, the implementation solely based on the `gcc` `__sync_*` builtins. This will however cause lots of expensive and unnecessary memory barrier instructions to be issued. That is, performance will suffer. The `configure` script will warn at the end of its execution if it cannot find any other alternative than this.

### Building

Building Erlang/OTP on a relatively fast computer takes approximately 5 minutes. To speed it up, you can utilize parallel make with the `-j<num_jobs>` option.

    $ export MAKEFLAGS=-j8    # Assuming bash/sh
    $ make

If you've upgraded the source with a patch you may need to clean up from previous builds before the new build. Make sure to read the Pre-built Source Release section below before doing a `make clean`.

Other useful information can be found here:

- Erlang/OTP GitHub wiki
- Contributing to Erlang/OTP
- Developing Erlang/OTP

#### macOS (Darwin)

Make sure that the command `hostname` returns a valid fully qualified host name (this is configured in `/etc/hostconfig`). Otherwise you might experience problems when running distributed systems.

If you develop linked-in drivers (shared library) you need to link using `gcc` and the flags `-bundle -flat_namespace -undefined suppress`. You also include `-fno-common` in `CFLAGS` when compiling. Use `.so` as the library suffix.

If you have Xcode 4.3, or later, you will also need to download "Command Line Tools" via the Downloads preference pane in Xcode.

#### Building with Wx

wxWidgets-3.2.x is recommended for building the `wx` application (wxWidgets-3.0.x will also work). Download it from https://www.wxwidgets.org/downloads or from https://github.com/wxWidgets/wxWidgets. It is recommended to use the latest release in the 3.2 series, which at the time of writing is 3.2.2.1.

Note that the wxWidgets-3.3 versions are experimental, but they should also work if 3.0 compatibility is enabled by adding `--enable-compat30` to the `configure` commands below.

On all other platforms, a shared library is built as follows:

    $ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
    $ make && sudo make install
    $ export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH

On Linux, a static library is built as follows:

    $ export CFLAGS=-fPIC
    $ export CXXFLAGS=-fPIC
    $ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local --disable-shared
    $ make && sudo make install
    $ export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH

On macOS, a static library compatible with macOS 13 (Ventura) and later is built as follows:

    $ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local --with-macosx-version-min=13.0 --disable-shared
    $ make
    $ sudo make install
    $ export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH

Verify that the build and installation succeeded:

    $ which wx-config && wx-config --version-full

Expected output is `/usr/local/bin/wx-config` on one line, followed by the full version number. For example, if you built version 3.2.2.1, the expected output is:

    /usr/local/bin/wx-config
    3.2.2.1

Build Erlang/OTP in the usual way. To verify that `wx` application is working run the following command:

    $ erl -run wx demo

#### Pre-built Source Release

The source release is delivered with a lot of platform independent build results already pre-built. If you want to remove these pre-built files, invoke `./otp_build remove_prebuilt_files` from the `$ERL_TOP` directory. After you have done this, you can build exactly the same way as before, but the build process will take a much longer time.

#### Warning

Doing `make clean` in an arbitrary directory of the source tree, may remove files needed for bootstrapping the build.

Doing `./otp_build save_bootstrap` from the `$ERL_TOP` directory before doing `make clean` will ensure that it will be possible to build after doing `make clean`. `./otp_build save_bootstrap` will be invoked automatically when `make` is invoked from `$ERL_TOP` with either the `clean` target, or the default target. It is also automatically invoked if `./otp_build remove_prebuilt_files` is invoked.

If you need to verify the bootstrap beam files match the provided source files, use `./otp_build update_primary` to create a new commit that contains differences, if any exist.

#### How to Build a Debug Enabled Erlang RunTime System

After completing all the normal building steps described above a debug enabled runtime system can be built. To do this you execute:

    $ make TYPE=debug

This will produce a `beam.debug.smp` executable. The file are installed along side with the normal (opt) version `beam.smp`.

To start the debug enabled runtime system execute:

    $ $ERL_TOP/bin/cerl -debug

or

    $ $ERL_TOP/bin/erl -emu_type debug

The debug enabled runtime system features lock violation checking, assert checking and various sanity checks to help a developer ensure correctness. Some of these features can be enabled on a normal beam using appropriate configure options.

There are other types of runtime systems that can be built as well using the similar steps just described.

    $ make TYPE=$TYPE

where `$TYPE` is `opt`, `gcov`, `gprof`, `debug`, `valgrind`, `asan` or `lcnt`. These different beam types are useful for debugging and profiling purposes.

You can also release and install the special builds using make release like this:

    $ make release TYPE=$TYPE

### Installing

- Staged install using DESTDIR. You can perform the install phase in a temporary directory and later move the installation into its correct location by use of the `DESTDIR` variable:

      $ make DESTDIR=<tmp install dir> install

  The installation will be created in a location prefixed by `$DESTDIR`. It can, however, not be run from there. It needs to be moved into the correct location before it can be run. If `DESTDIR` have not been set but `INSTALL_PREFIX` has been set, `DESTDIR` will be set to `INSTALL_PREFIX`. Note that `INSTALL_PREFIX` in pre R13B04 was buggy and behaved as `EXTRA_PREFIX` (see below). There are lots of areas of use for an installation procedure using `DESTDIR`, e.g. when creating a package, cross compiling, etc. Here is an example where the installation should be located under `/opt/local`:

      $ ./configure --prefix=/opt/local
      $ make
      $ make DESTDIR=/tmp/erlang-build install
      $ cd /tmp/erlang-build/opt/local
      $     # gnu-tar is used in this example
      $ tar -zcf /home/me/my-erlang-build.tgz *
      $ su -
      Password: *****
      $ cd /opt/local
      $ tar -zxf /home/me/my-erlang-build.tgz

- Install using the `release` target. Instead of doing `make install` you can create the installation in whatever directory you like using the `release` target and run the `Install` script yourself. `RELEASE_ROOT` is used for specifying the directory where the installation should be created. This is what by default ends up under `/usr/local/lib/erlang` if you do the install using `make install`. All installation paths provided in the `configure` phase are ignored, as well as `DESTDIR`, and `INSTALL_PREFIX`. If you want links from a specific `bin` directory to the installation you have to set those up yourself. An example where Erlang/OTP should be located at `/home/me/OTP`:

      $ ./configure
      $ make
      $ make RELEASE_ROOT=/home/me/OTP release
      $ cd /home/me/OTP
      $ ./Install -minimal /home/me/OTP
      $ mkdir -p /home/me/bin
      $ cd /home/me/bin
      $ ln -s /home/me/OTP/bin/erl erl
      $ ln -s /home/me/OTP/bin/erlc erlc
      $ ln -s /home/me/OTP/bin/escript escript
      ...

  The `Install` script should currently be invoked as follows in the directory where it resides (the top directory):

      $ ./Install [-cross] [-minimal|-sasl] <ERL_ROOT>

  where:

  - `-minimal` Creates an installation that starts up a minimal amount of applications, i.e., only `kernel` and `stdlib` are started. The minimal system is normally enough, and is what `make install` uses.
  - `-sasl` Creates an installation that also starts up the `sasl` application.
  - `-cross` For cross compilation. Informs the install script that it is run on the build machine.
  - `<ERL_ROOT>` - The absolute path to the Erlang installation to use at run time. This is often the same as the current working directory, but does not have to be. It can follow any other path through the file system to the same directory.

  If neither `-minimal`, nor `-sasl` is passed as argument you will be prompted.

- Test install using `EXTRA_PREFIX`. The content of the `EXTRA_PREFIX` variable will prefix all installation paths when doing `make install`. Note that `EXTRA_PREFIX` is similar to `DESTDIR`, but it does not have the same effect as `DESTDIR`. The installation can and have to be run from the location specified by `EXTRA_PREFIX`. That is, it can be useful if you want to try the system out, running test suites, etc, before doing the real install without `EXTRA_PREFIX`.

#### Symbolic Links in --bindir

When doing `make install` and the default installation prefix is used, relative symbolic links will be created from `/usr/local/bin` to all public Erlang/OTP executables in `/usr/local/lib/erlang/bin`. The installation phase will try to create relative symbolic links as long as `--bindir` and the Erlang bin directory, located under `--libdir`, both have `--exec-prefix` as prefix. Where `--exec-prefix` defaults to `--prefix`. `--prefix`, `--exec-prefix`, `--bindir`, and `--libdir` are all arguments that can be passed to `configure`. One can force relative, or absolute links by passing `BINDIR_SYMLINKS=relative|absolute` as arguments to `make` during the install phase. Note that such a request might cause a failure if the request cannot be satisfied.

## Erlang/OTP test architectures

Erlang/OTP are currently tested on the following hardware and operating systems. This is not an exhaustive list, but we try to keep it as up to date as possible.

Architecture

- x86, x86-64
- Aarch32, Aarch64
- powerpc, powerpc64le
- Apple M1, M2, M2 Pro

Operating system

- Fedora 31
- FreeBSD
- macOS 13 - 14
- MontaVista 4
- NetBSD
- OpenBSD
- SLES 10, 11, 12
- SunOS 5.11
- Ubuntu 10.04 - 22.04
- Windows 11, Windows 10, Windows Server 2019

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