// Boost.Geometry (aka GGL, Generic Geometry Library)

// Copyright (c) 2007-2012 Barend Gehrels, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
// Copyright (c) 2023 Adam Wulkiewicz, Lodz, Poland.

// This file was modified by Oracle on 2013-2022.
// Modifications copyright (c) 2013-2022 Oracle and/or its affiliates.
// Contributed and/or modified by Adam Wulkiewicz, on behalf of Oracle

// Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software License,
// Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

#ifndef BOOST_GEOMETRY_ALGORITHMS_DETAIL_RELATE_LINEAR_AREAL_HPP
#define BOOST_GEOMETRY_ALGORITHMS_DETAIL_RELATE_LINEAR_AREAL_HPP

#include <boost/core/ignore_unused.hpp>
#include <boost/range/size.hpp>

#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/detail/point_on_border.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/detail/relate/boundary_checker.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/detail/relate/follow_helpers.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/detail/relate/point_geometry.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/detail/relate/turns.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/detail/single_geometry.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/detail/sub_range.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/algorithms/num_interior_rings.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/core/assert.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/core/topological_dimension.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/geometries/helper_geometry.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/util/constexpr.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/util/range.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/util/type_traits.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/views/detail/closed_clockwise_view.hpp>

namespace boost { namespace geometry
{

#ifndef DOXYGEN_NO_DETAIL
namespace detail { namespace relate {

// WARNING!
// TODO: In the worst case calling this Pred in a loop for MultiLinestring/MultiPolygon may take O(NM)
// Use the rtree in this case!

// may be used to set IE and BE for a Linear geometry for which no turns were generated
template
<
    typename Geometry2,
    typename Result,
    typename Strategy,
    typename BoundaryChecker,
    bool TransposeResult
>
class no_turns_la_linestring_pred
{
public:
    no_turns_la_linestring_pred(Geometry2 const& geometry2,
                                Result & res,
                                Strategy const& strategy,
                                BoundaryChecker const& boundary_checker)
        : m_geometry2(geometry2)
        , m_result(res)
        , m_strategy(strategy)
        , m_boundary_checker(boundary_checker)
        , m_interrupt_flags(0)
    {
        if ( ! may_update<interior, interior, '1', TransposeResult>(m_result) )
        {
            m_interrupt_flags |= 1;
        }

        if ( ! may_update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(m_result) )
        {
            m_interrupt_flags |= 2;
        }

        if ( ! may_update<boundary, interior, '0', TransposeResult>(m_result) )
        {
            m_interrupt_flags |= 4;
        }

        if ( ! may_update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(m_result) )
        {
            m_interrupt_flags |= 8;
        }
    }

    template <typename Linestring>
    bool operator()(Linestring const& linestring)
    {
        std::size_t const count = boost::size(linestring);

        // invalid input
        if ( count < 2 )
        {
            // ignore
            // TODO: throw an exception?
            return true;
        }

        // if those flags are set nothing will change
        if ( m_interrupt_flags == 0xF )
        {
            return false;
        }

        int const pig = detail::within::point_in_geometry(range::front(linestring),
                                                          m_geometry2,
                                                          m_strategy);
        //BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT_MSG(pig != 0, "There should be no IPs");

        if ( pig > 0 )
        {
            update<interior, interior, '1', TransposeResult>(m_result);
            m_interrupt_flags |= 1;
        }
        else
        {
            update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(m_result);
            m_interrupt_flags |= 2;
        }

        // check if there is a boundary
        if ((m_interrupt_flags & 0xC) != 0xC // if wasn't already set
            && (m_boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(range::front(linestring))
                || m_boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(range::back(linestring))))
        {
            if ( pig > 0 )
            {
                update<boundary, interior, '0', TransposeResult>(m_result);
                m_interrupt_flags |= 4;
            }
            else
            {
                update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(m_result);
                m_interrupt_flags |= 8;
            }
        }

        return m_interrupt_flags != 0xF
            && ! m_result.interrupt;
    }

private:
    Geometry2 const& m_geometry2;
    Result & m_result;
    Strategy const& m_strategy;
    BoundaryChecker const& m_boundary_checker;
    unsigned m_interrupt_flags;
};

// may be used to set EI and EB for an Areal geometry for which no turns were generated
template <typename Result, bool TransposeResult>
class no_turns_la_areal_pred
{
public:
    no_turns_la_areal_pred(Result & res)
        : m_result(res)
        , interrupt(! may_update<interior, exterior, '2', TransposeResult>(m_result)
                 && ! may_update<boundary, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(m_result) )
    {}

    template <typename Areal>
    bool operator()(Areal const& areal)
    {
        if ( interrupt )
        {
            return false;
        }

        // TODO:
        // handle empty/invalid geometries in a different way than below?

        using point_type = geometry::point_type_t<Areal>;
        typename helper_geometry<point_type>::type pt;
        bool const ok = geometry::point_on_border(pt, areal);

        // TODO: for now ignore, later throw an exception?
        if ( !ok )
        {
            return true;
        }

        update<interior, exterior, '2', TransposeResult>(m_result);
        update<boundary, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(m_result);

        return false;
    }

private:
    Result & m_result;
    bool const interrupt;
};


template <typename It, typename Strategy>
inline It find_next_non_duplicated(It first, It current, It last, Strategy const& strategy)
{
    BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(current != last);

    It it = current;
    for (++it ; it != last ; ++it)
    {
        if (! equals::equals_point_point(*current, *it, strategy))
        {
            return it;
        }
    }

    // if not found start from the beginning
    for (it = first ; it != current ; ++it)
    {
        if (! equals::equals_point_point(*current, *it, strategy))
        {
            return it;
        }
    }

    return current;
}

// calculate inside or outside based on side_calc
// this is simplified version of a check from equal<>
template
<
    typename Pi, typename Pj, typename Pk,
    typename Qi, typename Qj, typename Qk,
    typename Strategy
>
inline bool calculate_from_inside_sides(Pi const& pi, Pj const& pj, Pk const& pk,
                                        Qi const&   , Qj const& qj, Qk const& qk,
                                        Strategy const& strategy)
{
    auto const side_strategy = strategy.side();

    int const side_pk_p = side_strategy.apply(pi, pj, pk);
    int const side_qk_p = side_strategy.apply(pi, pj, qk);
    // If they turn to same side (not opposite sides)
    if (! overlay::base_turn_handler::opposite(side_pk_p, side_qk_p))
    {
        int const side_pk_q2 = side_strategy.apply(qj, qk, pk);
        return side_pk_q2 == -1;
    }
    else
    {
        return side_pk_p == -1;
    }
}

// check if the passed turn's segment of Linear geometry arrived
// from the inside or the outside of the Areal geometry
template
<
    std::size_t OpId,
    typename Geometry1, typename Geometry2,
    typename Turn, typename Strategy
>
inline bool calculate_from_inside(Geometry1 const& geometry1,
                                  Geometry2 const& geometry2,
                                  Turn const& turn,
                                  Strategy const& strategy)
{
    static const std::size_t op_id = OpId;
    static const std::size_t other_op_id = (OpId + 1) % 2;

    if (turn.operations[op_id].position == overlay::position_front)
    {
        return false;
    }

    auto const& range1 = sub_range(geometry1, turn.operations[op_id].seg_id);

    using range2_view = detail::closed_clockwise_view<ring_type_t<Geometry2> const>;
    range2_view const range2(sub_range(geometry2, turn.operations[other_op_id].seg_id));

    BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(boost::size(range1));
    std::size_t const s2 = boost::size(range2);
    BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(s2 > 2);
    std::size_t const seg_count2 = s2 - 1;

    std::size_t const p_seg_ij = static_cast<std::size_t>(turn.operations[op_id].seg_id.segment_index);
    std::size_t const q_seg_ij = static_cast<std::size_t>(turn.operations[other_op_id].seg_id.segment_index);

    BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(p_seg_ij + 1 < boost::size(range1));
    BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(q_seg_ij + 1 < s2);

    auto const& pi = range::at(range1, p_seg_ij);
    auto const& qi = range::at(range2, q_seg_ij);
    auto const& qj = range::at(range2, q_seg_ij + 1);

    bool const is_ip_qj = equals::equals_point_point(turn.point, qj, strategy);
    // TODO: test this!
    // BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(!equals::equals_point_point(turn.point, pi));
    // BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(!equals::equals_point_point(turn.point, qi));

    if (is_ip_qj)
    {
        std::size_t const q_seg_jk = (q_seg_ij + 1) % seg_count2;
        // TODO: the following function should return immediately, however the worst case complexity is O(N)
        // It would be good to replace it with some O(1) mechanism
        auto qk_it = find_next_non_duplicated(boost::begin(range2),
                                              range::pos(range2, q_seg_jk),
                                              boost::end(range2),
                                              strategy);

        // Calculate sides in a different point order for P and Q
        // Will this sequence of points be always correct?
        return calculate_from_inside_sides(qi, turn.point, pi, qi, qj, *qk_it, strategy);
    }
    else
    {
        // Calculate sides with different points for P and Q
        return calculate_from_inside_sides(qi, turn.point, pi, qi, turn.point, qj, strategy);
    }
}


// The implementation of an algorithm calculating relate() for L/A
template <typename Geometry1, typename Geometry2, bool TransposeResult = false>
struct linear_areal
{
    // check Linear / Areal
    BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(topological_dimension<Geometry1>::value == 1
                     && topological_dimension<Geometry2>::value == 2);

    static const bool interruption_enabled = true;

    template <typename Geom1, typename Geom2, typename Strategy>
    struct multi_turn_info
        : turns::get_turns<Geom1, Geom2>::template turn_info_type<Strategy>::type
    {
        multi_turn_info() : priority(0) {}
        int priority; // single-geometry sorting priority
    };

    template <typename Geom1, typename Geom2, typename Strategy>
    struct turn_info_type
        : std::conditional
            <
                util::is_multi<Geometry2>::value,
                multi_turn_info<Geom1, Geom2, Strategy>,
                typename turns::get_turns<Geom1, Geom2>::template turn_info_type<Strategy>::type
            >
    {};

    template <typename Result, typename Strategy>
    static inline void apply(Geometry1 const& geometry1, Geometry2 const& geometry2,
                             Result & result,
                             Strategy const& strategy)
    {
        boundary_checker<Geometry1, Strategy> boundary_checker1(geometry1, strategy);
        apply(geometry1, geometry2, boundary_checker1, result, strategy);
    }

    template <typename BoundaryChecker1, typename Result, typename Strategy>
    static inline void apply(Geometry1 const& geometry1, Geometry2 const& geometry2,
                             BoundaryChecker1 const& boundary_checker1,
                             Result & result,
                             Strategy const& strategy)
    {
        // TODO: If Areal geometry may have infinite size, change the following line:

        update<exterior, exterior, result_dimension<Geometry2>::value, TransposeResult>(result);// FFFFFFFFd, d in [1,9] or T

        if ( BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONDITION( result.interrupt ) )
        {
            return;
        }

        // get and analyse turns
        using turn_type = typename turn_info_type<Geometry1, Geometry2, Strategy>::type;
        std::vector<turn_type> turns;

        interrupt_policy_linear_areal<Geometry2, Result> interrupt_policy(geometry2, result);

        turns::get_turns<Geometry1, Geometry2>::apply(turns, geometry1, geometry2, interrupt_policy, strategy);
        if ( BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONDITION( result.interrupt ) )
        {
            return;
        }

        no_turns_la_linestring_pred
            <
                Geometry2,
                Result,
                Strategy,
                BoundaryChecker1,
                TransposeResult
            > pred1(geometry2,
                    result,
                    strategy,
                    boundary_checker1);
        for_each_disjoint_geometry_if<0, Geometry1>::apply(turns.begin(), turns.end(), geometry1, pred1);
        if ( BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONDITION( result.interrupt ) )
        {
            return;
        }

        no_turns_la_areal_pred<Result, !TransposeResult> pred2(result);
        for_each_disjoint_geometry_if<1, Geometry2>::apply(turns.begin(), turns.end(), geometry2, pred2);
        if ( BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONDITION( result.interrupt ) )
        {
            return;
        }

        if ( turns.empty() )
        {
            return;
        }

        // This is set here because in the case if empty Areal geometry were passed
        // those shouldn't be set
        update<exterior, interior, '2', TransposeResult>(result);// FFFFFF2Fd
        if ( BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONDITION( result.interrupt ) )
        {
            return;
        }

        {
            sort_dispatch(turns.begin(), turns.end(), strategy, util::is_multi<Geometry2>());

            turns_analyser<turn_type> analyser;
            analyse_each_turn(result, analyser,
                              turns.begin(), turns.end(),
                              geometry1, geometry2,
                              boundary_checker1,
                              strategy);

            if ( BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONDITION( result.interrupt ) )
            {
                return;
            }
        }

        // If 'c' (insersection_boundary) was not found we know that any Ls isn't equal to one of the Rings
        if ( !interrupt_policy.is_boundary_found )
        {
            update<exterior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(result);
        }
        // Don't calculate it if it's required
        else if ( may_update<exterior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(result) )
        {
// TODO: REVISE THIS CODE AND PROBABLY REWRITE SOME PARTS TO BE MORE HUMAN-READABLE
//       IN GENERAL IT ANALYSES THE RINGS OF AREAL GEOMETRY AND DETECTS THE ONES THAT
//       MAY OVERLAP THE INTERIOR OF LINEAR GEOMETRY (NO IPs OR NON-FAKE 'u' OPERATION)
// NOTE: For one case std::sort may be called again to sort data by operations for data already sorted by ring index
//       In the worst case scenario the complexity will be O( NlogN + R*(N/R)log(N/R) )
//       So always should remain O(NlogN) -> for R==1 <-> 1(N/1)log(N/1), for R==N <-> N(N/N)log(N/N)
//       Some benchmarking should probably be done to check if only one std::sort should be used

            // sort by multi_index and rind_index
            std::sort(turns.begin(), turns.end(), less_ring());

            segment_identifier * prev_seg_id_ptr = NULL;
            // for each ring
            for (auto it = turns.begin() ; it != turns.end() ; )
            {
                // it's the next single geometry
                if ( prev_seg_id_ptr == NULL
                  || prev_seg_id_ptr->multi_index != it->operations[1].seg_id.multi_index )
                {
                    // if the first ring has no IPs
                    if ( it->operations[1].seg_id.ring_index > -1 )
                    {
                        // we can be sure that the exterior overlaps the boundary
                        update<exterior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(result);
                        break;
                    }
                    // if there was some previous ring
                    if ( prev_seg_id_ptr != NULL )
                    {
                        signed_size_type const next_ring_index = prev_seg_id_ptr->ring_index + 1;
                        BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(next_ring_index >= 0);

                        // if one of the last rings of previous single geometry was ommited
                        if ( static_cast<std::size_t>(next_ring_index)
                                < geometry::num_interior_rings(
                                    single_geometry(geometry2, *prev_seg_id_ptr)) )
                        {
                            // we can be sure that the exterior overlaps the boundary
                            update<exterior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(result);
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                // if it's the same single geometry
                else /*if ( previous_multi_index == it->operations[1].seg_id.multi_index )*/
                {
                    // and we jumped over one of the rings
                    if ( prev_seg_id_ptr != NULL // just in case
                      && prev_seg_id_ptr->ring_index + 1 < it->operations[1].seg_id.ring_index )
                    {
                        // we can be sure that the exterior overlaps the boundary
                        update<exterior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(result);
                        break;
                    }
                }

                prev_seg_id_ptr = boost::addressof(it->operations[1].seg_id);

                // find the next ring first iterator and check if the analysis should be performed
                has_boundary_intersection has_boundary_inters;
                auto next = find_next_ring(it, turns.end(), has_boundary_inters);

                // if there is no 1d overlap with the boundary
                if ( !has_boundary_inters.result )
                {
                    // we can be sure that the exterior overlaps the boundary
                    update<exterior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(result);
                    break;
                }
                // else there is 1d overlap with the boundary so we must analyse the boundary
                else
                {
                    // u, c
                    using less_t = turns::less<1, turns::less_op_areal_linear<1>, Strategy>;
                    std::sort(it, next, less_t());

                    // analyse
                    areal_boundary_analyser<turn_type> analyser;
                    for (auto rit = it ; rit != next ; ++rit)
                    {
                        // if the analyser requests, break the search
                        if ( !analyser.apply(it, rit, next, strategy) )
                            break;
                    }

                    // if the boundary of Areal goes out of the Linear
                    if ( analyser.is_union_detected )
                    {
                        // we can be sure that the boundary of Areal overlaps the exterior of Linear
                        update<exterior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(result);
                        break;
                    }
                }

                it = next;
            }

            // if there was some previous ring
            if ( prev_seg_id_ptr != NULL )
            {
                signed_size_type const next_ring_index = prev_seg_id_ptr->ring_index + 1;
                BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(next_ring_index >= 0);

                // if one of the last rings of previous single geometry was ommited
                if ( static_cast<std::size_t>(next_ring_index)
                        < geometry::num_interior_rings(
                            single_geometry(geometry2, *prev_seg_id_ptr)) )
                {
                    // we can be sure that the exterior overlaps the boundary
                    update<exterior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(result);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    template <typename It, typename Pred, typename Comp>
    static void for_each_equal_range(It first, It last, Pred pred, Comp comp)
    {
        if ( first == last )
        {
            return;
        }

        It first_equal = first;
        It prev = first;
        for ( ++first ; ; ++first, ++prev )
        {
            if ( first == last || !comp(*prev, *first) )
            {
                pred(first_equal, first);
                first_equal = first;
            }

            if ( first == last )
            {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    struct same_ip
    {
        template <typename Turn>
        bool operator()(Turn const& left, Turn const& right) const
        {
            return left.operations[0].seg_id == right.operations[0].seg_id
                && left.operations[0].fraction == right.operations[0].fraction;
        }
    };

    struct same_ip_and_multi_index
    {
        template <typename Turn>
        bool operator()(Turn const& left, Turn const& right) const
        {
            return same_ip()(left, right)
                && left.operations[1].seg_id.multi_index == right.operations[1].seg_id.multi_index;
        }
    };

    template <typename OpToPriority>
    struct set_turns_group_priority
    {
        template <typename TurnIt>
        void operator()(TurnIt first, TurnIt last) const
        {
            BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(first != last);
            static OpToPriority op_to_priority;
            // find the operation with the least priority
            int least_priority = op_to_priority(first->operations[0]);
            for ( TurnIt it = first + 1 ; it != last ; ++it )
            {
                int priority = op_to_priority(it->operations[0]);
                if ( priority < least_priority )
                    least_priority = priority;
            }
            // set the least priority for all turns of the group
            for ( TurnIt it = first ; it != last ; ++it )
            {
                it->priority = least_priority;
            }
        }
    };

    template <typename SingleLess>
    struct sort_turns_group
    {
        struct less
        {
            template <typename Turn>
            bool operator()(Turn const& left, Turn const& right) const
            {
                return left.operations[1].seg_id.multi_index == right.operations[1].seg_id.multi_index ?
                    SingleLess()(left, right) :
                    left.priority < right.priority;
            }
        };

        template <typename TurnIt>
        void operator()(TurnIt first, TurnIt last) const
        {
            std::sort(first, last, less());
        }
    };

    template <typename TurnIt, typename Strategy>
    static void sort_dispatch(TurnIt first, TurnIt last, Strategy const& ,
                              std::true_type const& /*is_multi*/)
    {
        // sort turns by Linear seg_id, then by fraction, then by other multi_index
        using less_t = turns::less<0, turns::less_other_multi_index<0>, Strategy>;
        std::sort(first, last, less_t());

        // For the same IP and multi_index - the same other's single geometry
        // set priorities as the least operation found for the whole single geometry
        // so e.g. single geometries containing 'u' will always be before those only containing 'i'
        typedef turns::op_to_int<0,2,3,1,4,0> op_to_int_xuic;
        for_each_equal_range(first, last,
                             set_turns_group_priority<op_to_int_xuic>(), // least operation in xuic order
                             same_ip_and_multi_index()); // other's multi_index

        // When priorities for single geometries are set now sort turns for the same IP
        // if multi_index is the same sort them according to the single-less
        // else use priority of the whole single-geometry set earlier
        using single_less_t = turns::less<0, turns::less_op_linear_areal_single<0>, Strategy>;
        for_each_equal_range(first, last,
                             sort_turns_group<single_less_t>(),
                             same_ip());
    }

    template <typename TurnIt, typename Strategy>
    static void sort_dispatch(TurnIt first, TurnIt last, Strategy const& ,
                              std::false_type const& /*is_multi*/)
    {
        // sort turns by Linear seg_id, then by fraction, then
        // for same ring id: x, u, i, c
        // for different ring id: c, i, u, x
        using less_t = turns::less<0, turns::less_op_linear_areal_single<0>, Strategy>;
        std::sort(first, last, less_t());
    }


    // interrupt policy which may be passed to get_turns to interrupt the analysis
    // based on the info in the passed result/mask
    template <typename Areal, typename Result>
    class interrupt_policy_linear_areal
    {
    public:
        static bool const enabled = true;

        interrupt_policy_linear_areal(Areal const& areal, Result & result)
            : m_result(result), m_areal(areal)
            , is_boundary_found(false)
        {}

// TODO: since we update result for some operations here, we may not do it in the analyser!

        template <typename Range>
        inline bool apply(Range const& turns)
        {
            for (auto it = boost::begin(turns) ; it != boost::end(turns) ; ++it)
            {
                if ( it->operations[0].operation == overlay::operation_intersection )
                {
                    bool const no_interior_rings
                        = geometry::num_interior_rings(
                                single_geometry(m_areal, it->operations[1].seg_id)) == 0;

                    // WARNING! THIS IS TRUE ONLY IF THE POLYGON IS SIMPLE!
                    // OR WITHOUT INTERIOR RINGS (AND OF COURSE VALID)
                    if ( no_interior_rings )
                        update<interior, interior, '1', TransposeResult>(m_result);
                }
                else if ( it->operations[0].operation == overlay::operation_continue )
                {
                    update<interior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(m_result);
                    is_boundary_found = true;
                }
                else if ( ( it->operations[0].operation == overlay::operation_union
                         || it->operations[0].operation == overlay::operation_blocked )
                       && it->operations[0].position == overlay::position_middle )
                {
// TODO: here we could also check the boundaries and set BB at this point
                    update<interior, boundary, '0', TransposeResult>(m_result);
                }
            }

            return m_result.interrupt;
        }

    private:
        Result & m_result;
        Areal const& m_areal;

    public:
        bool is_boundary_found;
    };

    // This analyser should be used like Input or SinglePass Iterator
    // IMPORTANT! It should be called also for the end iterator - last
    template <typename TurnInfo>
    class turns_analyser
    {
        typedef typename TurnInfo::point_type turn_point_type;

        static const std::size_t op_id = 0;
        static const std::size_t other_op_id = 1;

    public:
        turns_analyser()
            : m_previous_turn_ptr(NULL)
            , m_previous_operation(overlay::operation_none)
            , m_boundary_counter(0)
            , m_interior_detected(false)
            , m_first_interior_other_id_ptr(NULL)
            , m_first_from_unknown(false)
            , m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected(false)
        {}

        template <typename Result,
                  typename TurnIt,
                  typename Geometry,
                  typename OtherGeometry,
                  typename BoundaryChecker,
                  typename Strategy>
        void apply(Result & res, TurnIt it,
                   Geometry const& geometry,
                   OtherGeometry const& other_geometry,
                   BoundaryChecker const& boundary_checker,
                   Strategy const& strategy)
        {
            overlay::operation_type op = it->operations[op_id].operation;

            if ( op != overlay::operation_union
              && op != overlay::operation_intersection
              && op != overlay::operation_blocked
              && op != overlay::operation_continue ) // operation_boundary / operation_boundary_intersection
            {
                return;
            }

            segment_identifier const& seg_id = it->operations[op_id].seg_id;
            segment_identifier const& other_id = it->operations[other_op_id].seg_id;

            const bool first_in_range = m_seg_watcher.update(seg_id);

            // TODO: should apply() for the post-last ip be called if first_in_range ?
            // this would unify how last points in ranges are handled
            // possibly replacing parts of the code below
            // e.g. for is_multi and m_interior_detected

            // handle possible exit
            bool fake_enter_detected = false;
            if ( m_exit_watcher.get_exit_operation() == overlay::operation_union )
            {
                // real exit point - may be multiple
                // we know that we entered and now we exit
                if ( ! turn_on_the_same_ip<op_id>(m_exit_watcher.get_exit_turn(), *it,
                                                  strategy) )
                {
                    m_exit_watcher.reset_detected_exit();

                    update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);

                    // next single geometry
                    if ( first_in_range && m_previous_turn_ptr )
                    {
                        // NOTE: similar code is in the post-last-ip-apply()
                        segment_identifier const& prev_seg_id = m_previous_turn_ptr->operations[op_id].seg_id;

                        bool const prev_back_b = boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(
                                                    range::back(sub_range(geometry, prev_seg_id)));

                        // if there is a boundary on the last point
                        if ( prev_back_b )
                        {
                            update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                        }
                    }
                }
                // fake exit point, reset state
                else if ( op == overlay::operation_intersection
                        || op == overlay::operation_continue ) // operation_boundary
                {
                    m_exit_watcher.reset_detected_exit();
                    fake_enter_detected = true;
                }
            }
            else if ( m_exit_watcher.get_exit_operation() == overlay::operation_blocked )
            {
                // ignore multiple BLOCKs for this same single geometry1
                if ( op == overlay::operation_blocked
                  && seg_id.multi_index == m_previous_turn_ptr->operations[op_id].seg_id.multi_index )
                {
                    return;
                }

                if ( ( op == overlay::operation_intersection
                    || op == overlay::operation_continue )
                  && turn_on_the_same_ip<op_id>(m_exit_watcher.get_exit_turn(), *it,
                                                strategy) )
                {
                    fake_enter_detected = true;
                }

                m_exit_watcher.reset_detected_exit();
            }

            if BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONSTEXPR (util::is_multi<OtherGeometry>::value)
            {
                if (m_first_from_unknown)
                {
                    // For MultiPolygon many x/u operations may be generated as a first IP
                    // if for all turns x/u was generated and any of the Polygons doesn't contain the LineString
                    // then we know that the LineString is outside
                    // Similar with the u/u turns, if it was the first one it doesn't mean that the
                    // Linestring came from the exterior
                    if ((m_previous_operation == overlay::operation_blocked
                        && (op != overlay::operation_blocked // operation different than block
                            || seg_id.multi_index != m_previous_turn_ptr->operations[op_id].seg_id.multi_index)) // or the next single-geometry
                     || (m_previous_operation == overlay::operation_union
                        && ! turn_on_the_same_ip<op_id>(*m_previous_turn_ptr, *it, strategy)))
                    {
                        update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);
                        if ( m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected )
                        {
                            update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                        }

                        m_first_from_unknown = false;
                        m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected = false;
                    }
                }
            }

// NOTE: THE WHOLE m_interior_detected HANDLING IS HERE BECAUSE WE CAN'T EFFICIENTLY SORT TURNS (CORRECTLY)
// BECAUSE THE SAME IP MAY BE REPRESENTED BY TWO SEGMENTS WITH DIFFERENT DISTANCES
// IT WOULD REQUIRE THE CALCULATION OF MAX DISTANCE
// TODO: WE COULD GET RID OF THE TEST IF THE DISTANCES WERE NORMALIZED

// UPDATE: THEY SHOULD BE NORMALIZED NOW

// TODO: THIS IS POTENTIALLY ERROREOUS!
// THIS ALGORITHM DEPENDS ON SOME SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS
// IT WOULD GIVE WRONG RESULTS E.G.
// IN THE CASE OF SELF-TOUCHING POINT WHEN 'i' WOULD BE BEFORE 'u'

            // handle the interior overlap
            if ( m_interior_detected )
            {
                BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT_MSG(m_previous_turn_ptr, "non-NULL ptr expected");

                // real interior overlap
                if ( ! turn_on_the_same_ip<op_id>(*m_previous_turn_ptr, *it,
                                                  strategy) )
                {
                    update<interior, interior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);
                    m_interior_detected = false;

                    // new range detected - reset previous state and check the boundary
                    if ( first_in_range )
                    {
                        segment_identifier const& prev_seg_id = m_previous_turn_ptr->operations[op_id].seg_id;

                        bool const prev_back_b = boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(
                                                    range::back(sub_range(geometry, prev_seg_id)));

                        // if there is a boundary on the last point
                        if ( prev_back_b )
                        {
                            update<boundary, interior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                        }

                        // The exit_watcher is reset below
                        // m_exit_watcher.reset();
                    }
                }
                // fake interior overlap
                else if ( op == overlay::operation_continue )
                {
                    m_interior_detected = false;
                }
                else if ( op == overlay::operation_union )
                {
// TODO: this probably is not a good way of handling the interiors/enters
//       the solution similar to exit_watcher would be more robust
//       all enters should be kept and handled.
//       maybe integrate it with the exit_watcher -> enter_exit_watcher
                    if ( m_first_interior_other_id_ptr
                      && m_first_interior_other_id_ptr->multi_index == other_id.multi_index )
                    {
                        m_interior_detected = false;
                    }
                }
            }

            // NOTE: If post-last-ip apply() was called this wouldn't be needed
            if ( first_in_range )
            {
                m_exit_watcher.reset();
                m_boundary_counter = 0;
                m_first_from_unknown = false;
                m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected = false;
            }

            // i/u, c/u
            if ( op == overlay::operation_intersection
              || op == overlay::operation_continue ) // operation_boundary/operation_boundary_intersection
            {
                bool const first_point = first_in_range || m_first_from_unknown;
                bool no_enters_detected = m_exit_watcher.is_outside();
                m_exit_watcher.enter(*it);

                if ( op == overlay::operation_intersection )
                {
                    if ( m_boundary_counter > 0 && it->operations[op_id].is_collinear )
                        --m_boundary_counter;

                    if ( m_boundary_counter == 0 )
                    {
                        // interiors overlaps
                        //update<interior, interior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);

// TODO: think about the implementation of the more robust version
//       this way only the first enter will be handled
                        if ( !m_interior_detected )
                        {
                            // don't update now
                            // we might enter a boundary of some other ring on the same IP
                            m_interior_detected = true;
                            m_first_interior_other_id_ptr = boost::addressof(other_id);
                        }
                    }
                }
                else // operation_boundary
                {
                    // don't add to the count for all met boundaries
                    // only if this is the "new" boundary
                    if ( first_point || !it->operations[op_id].is_collinear )
                        ++m_boundary_counter;

                    update<interior, boundary, '1', TransposeResult>(res);
                }

                bool const this_b = is_ip_on_boundary(it->point, it->operations[op_id],
                                                      boundary_checker);
                // going inside on boundary point
                if ( this_b )
                {
                    update<boundary, boundary, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                }
                // going inside on non-boundary point
                else
                {
                    update<interior, boundary, '0', TransposeResult>(res);

                    // if we didn't enter in the past, we were outside
                    if ( no_enters_detected
                      && ! fake_enter_detected
                      && it->operations[op_id].position != overlay::position_front )
                    {
// TODO: calculate_from_inside() is only needed if the current Linestring is not closed
                        bool const from_inside =
                            first_point && calculate_from_inside<op_id>(geometry,
                                                                        other_geometry,
                                                                        *it,
                                                                        strategy);

                        if ( from_inside )
                            update<interior, interior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);
                        else
                            update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);

                        // if it's the first IP then the first point is outside
                        if ( first_point )
                        {
                            bool const front_b = boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(
                                                    range::front(sub_range(geometry, seg_id)));

                            // if there is a boundary on the first point
                            if ( front_b )
                            {
                                if ( from_inside )
                                    update<boundary, interior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                                else
                                    update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                if BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONSTEXPR (util::is_multi<OtherGeometry>::value)
                {
                    m_first_from_unknown = false;
                    m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected = false;
                }
            }
            // u/u, x/u
            else if ( op == overlay::operation_union || op == overlay::operation_blocked )
            {
                bool const op_blocked = op == overlay::operation_blocked;
                bool const no_enters_detected = m_exit_watcher.is_outside()
// TODO: is this condition ok?
// TODO: move it into the exit_watcher?
                    && m_exit_watcher.get_exit_operation() == overlay::operation_none;

                if ( op == overlay::operation_union )
                {
                    if ( m_boundary_counter > 0 && it->operations[op_id].is_collinear )
                        --m_boundary_counter;
                }
                else // overlay::operation_blocked
                {
                    m_boundary_counter = 0;
                }

                // we're inside, possibly going out right now
                if ( ! no_enters_detected )
                {
                    if ( op_blocked
                      && it->operations[op_id].position == overlay::position_back ) // ignore spikes!
                    {
                        // check if this is indeed the boundary point
                        // NOTE: is_ip_on_boundary<>() should be called here but the result will be the same
                        if (boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(it->point))
                        {
                            update<boundary, boundary, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                        }
                    }
                    // union, inside, but no exit -> collinear on self-intersection point
                    // not needed since we're already inside the boundary
                    /*else if ( !exit_detected )
                    {
                        update<interior, boundary, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                    }*/
                }
                // we're outside or inside and this is the first turn
                else
                {
                    bool const this_b = is_ip_on_boundary(it->point, it->operations[op_id],
                                                          boundary_checker);
                    // if current IP is on boundary of the geometry
                    if ( this_b )
                    {
                        update<boundary, boundary, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                    }
                    // if current IP is not on boundary of the geometry
                    else
                    {
                        update<interior, boundary, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                    }

                    // TODO: very similar code is used in the handling of intersection
                    if ( it->operations[op_id].position != overlay::position_front )
                    {
// TODO: calculate_from_inside() is only needed if the current Linestring is not closed
                        // NOTE: this is not enough for MultiPolygon and operation_blocked
                        // For LS/MultiPolygon multiple x/u turns may be generated
                        // the first checked Polygon may be the one which LS is outside for.
                        bool const first_point = first_in_range || m_first_from_unknown;
                        bool const first_from_inside =
                            first_point && calculate_from_inside<op_id>(geometry,
                                                                        other_geometry,
                                                                        *it,
                                                                        strategy);
                        if ( first_from_inside )
                        {
                            update<interior, interior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);

                            // notify the exit_watcher that we started inside
                            m_exit_watcher.enter(*it);
                            // and reset unknown flags since we know that we started inside
                            m_first_from_unknown = false;
                            m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected = false;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONSTEXPR (util::is_multi<OtherGeometry>::value)
                              /*&& ( op == overlay::operation_blocked
                                || op == overlay::operation_union )*/ // if we're here it's u or x
                            {
                                m_first_from_unknown = true;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);
                            }
                        }

                        // first IP on the last segment point - this means that the first point is outside or inside
                        if ( first_point && ( !this_b || op_blocked ) )
                        {
                            bool const front_b = boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(
                                                    range::front(sub_range(geometry, seg_id)));

                            // if there is a boundary on the first point
                            if ( front_b )
                            {
                                if ( first_from_inside )
                                {
                                    update<boundary, interior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    if BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONSTEXPR (util::is_multi<OtherGeometry>::value)
                                      /*&& ( op == overlay::operation_blocked
                                        || op == overlay::operation_union )*/ // if we're here it's u or x
                                    {
                                        BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(m_first_from_unknown);
                                        m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected = true;
                                    }
                                    else
                                    {
                                        update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                // if we're going along a boundary, we exit only if the linestring was collinear
                if ( m_boundary_counter == 0
                  || it->operations[op_id].is_collinear )
                {
                    // notify the exit watcher about the possible exit
                    m_exit_watcher.exit(*it);
                }
            }

            // store ref to previously analysed (valid) turn
            m_previous_turn_ptr = boost::addressof(*it);
            // and previously analysed (valid) operation
            m_previous_operation = op;
        }

        // it == last
        template <typename Result,
                  typename TurnIt,
                  typename Geometry,
                  typename OtherGeometry,
                  typename BoundaryChecker>
        void apply(Result & res,
                   TurnIt first, TurnIt last,
                   Geometry const& geometry,
                   OtherGeometry const& /*other_geometry*/,
                   BoundaryChecker const& boundary_checker)
        {
            boost::ignore_unused(first, last);
            //BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT( first != last );

            // For MultiPolygon many x/u operations may be generated as a first IP
            // if for all turns x/u was generated and any of the Polygons doesn't contain the LineString
            // then we know that the LineString is outside
            if BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONSTEXPR (util::is_multi<OtherGeometry>::value)
            {
                if (m_first_from_unknown)
                {
                    update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);
                    if ( m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected )
                    {
                        update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                    }

                    // done below
                    //m_first_from_unknown = false;
                    //m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected = false;
                }
            }

            // here, the possible exit is the real one
            // we know that we entered and now we exit
            if ( /*m_exit_watcher.get_exit_operation() == overlay::operation_union // THIS CHECK IS REDUNDANT
                ||*/ m_previous_operation == overlay::operation_union
                && !m_interior_detected )
            {
                // for sure
                update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);

                BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(first != last);
                BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(m_previous_turn_ptr);

                segment_identifier const& prev_seg_id = m_previous_turn_ptr->operations[op_id].seg_id;

                bool const prev_back_b = boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(
                                            range::back(sub_range(geometry, prev_seg_id)));

                // if there is a boundary on the last point
                if ( prev_back_b )
                {
                    update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                }
            }
            // we might enter some Areal and didn't go out,
            else if ( m_previous_operation == overlay::operation_intersection
                   || m_interior_detected )
            {
                // just in case
                update<interior, interior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);
                m_interior_detected = false;

                BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(first != last);
                BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(m_previous_turn_ptr);

                segment_identifier const& prev_seg_id = m_previous_turn_ptr->operations[op_id].seg_id;

                bool const prev_back_b = boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(
                                            range::back(sub_range(geometry, prev_seg_id)));

                // if there is a boundary on the last point
                if ( prev_back_b )
                {
                    update<boundary, interior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                }
            }

            // This condition may be false if the Linestring is lying on the Polygon's collinear spike
            // if Polygon's spikes are not handled in get_turns() or relate() (they currently aren't)
            //BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT_MSG(m_previous_operation != overlay::operation_continue,
            //                    "Unexpected operation! Probably the error in get_turns(L,A) or relate(L,A)");
            // Currently one c/c turn is generated for the exit
            //   when a Linestring is going out on a collinear spike
            // When a Linestring is going in on a collinear spike
            //   the turn is not generated for the entry
            // So assume it's the former
            if ( m_previous_operation == overlay::operation_continue )
            {
                update<interior, exterior, '1', TransposeResult>(res);

                segment_identifier const& prev_seg_id = m_previous_turn_ptr->operations[op_id].seg_id;

                bool const prev_back_b = boundary_checker.is_endpoint_boundary(
                                            range::back(sub_range(geometry, prev_seg_id)));

                // if there is a boundary on the last point
                if ( prev_back_b )
                {
                    update<boundary, exterior, '0', TransposeResult>(res);
                }
            }

            // Reset exit watcher before the analysis of the next Linestring
            m_exit_watcher.reset();
            m_boundary_counter = 0;
            m_first_from_unknown = false;
            m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected = false;
        }

    private:
        exit_watcher<TurnInfo, op_id> m_exit_watcher;
        segment_watcher<same_single> m_seg_watcher;
        TurnInfo * m_previous_turn_ptr;
        overlay::operation_type m_previous_operation;
        unsigned m_boundary_counter;
        bool m_interior_detected;
        const segment_identifier * m_first_interior_other_id_ptr;
        bool m_first_from_unknown;
        bool m_first_from_unknown_boundary_detected;
    };

    // call analyser.apply() for each turn in range
    // IMPORTANT! The analyser is also called for the end iterator - last
    template <typename Result,
              typename TurnIt,
              typename Analyser,
              typename Geometry,
              typename OtherGeometry,
              typename BoundaryChecker,
              typename Strategy>
    static inline void analyse_each_turn(Result & res,
                                         Analyser & analyser,
                                         TurnIt first, TurnIt last,
                                         Geometry const& geometry,
                                         OtherGeometry const& other_geometry,
                                         BoundaryChecker const& boundary_checker,
                                         Strategy const& strategy)
    {
        if ( first == last )
        {
            return;
        }

        for ( TurnIt it = first ; it != last ; ++it )
        {
            analyser.apply(res, it,
                           geometry, other_geometry,
                           boundary_checker,
                           strategy);

            if ( BOOST_GEOMETRY_CONDITION( res.interrupt ) )
            {
                return;
            }
        }

        analyser.apply(res, first, last,
                       geometry, other_geometry,
                       boundary_checker);
    }

    // less comparator comparing multi_index then ring_index
    // may be used to sort turns by ring
    struct less_ring
    {
        template <typename Turn>
        inline bool operator()(Turn const& left, Turn const& right) const
        {
            return left.operations[1].seg_id.multi_index < right.operations[1].seg_id.multi_index
                || ( left.operations[1].seg_id.multi_index == right.operations[1].seg_id.multi_index
                  && left.operations[1].seg_id.ring_index < right.operations[1].seg_id.ring_index );
        }
    };

    // policy/functor checking if a turn's operation is operation_continue
    struct has_boundary_intersection
    {
        has_boundary_intersection()
            : result(false) {}

        template <typename Turn>
        inline void operator()(Turn const& turn)
        {
            if ( turn.operations[1].operation == overlay::operation_continue )
                result = true;
        }

        bool result;
    };

    // iterate through the range and search for the different multi_index or ring_index
    // also call fun for each turn in the current range
    template <typename It, typename Fun>
    static inline It find_next_ring(It first, It last, Fun & fun)
    {
        if ( first == last )
            return last;

        signed_size_type const multi_index = first->operations[1].seg_id.multi_index;
        signed_size_type const ring_index = first->operations[1].seg_id.ring_index;

        fun(*first);
        ++first;

        for ( ; first != last ; ++first )
        {
            if ( multi_index != first->operations[1].seg_id.multi_index
              || ring_index != first->operations[1].seg_id.ring_index )
            {
                return first;
            }

            fun(*first);
        }

        return last;
    }

    // analyser which called for turns sorted by seg/distance/operation
    // checks if the boundary of Areal geometry really got out
    // into the exterior of Linear geometry
    template <typename TurnInfo>
    class areal_boundary_analyser
    {
    public:
        areal_boundary_analyser()
            : is_union_detected(false)
            , m_previous_turn_ptr(NULL)
        {}

        template <typename TurnIt, typename Strategy>
        bool apply(TurnIt /*first*/, TurnIt it, TurnIt last,
                   Strategy const& strategy)
        {
            overlay::operation_type op = it->operations[1].operation;

            if ( it != last )
            {
                if ( op != overlay::operation_union
                  && op != overlay::operation_continue )
                {
                    return true;
                }

                if ( is_union_detected )
                {
                    BOOST_GEOMETRY_ASSERT(m_previous_turn_ptr != NULL);
                    if ( !detail::equals::equals_point_point(it->point, m_previous_turn_ptr->point, strategy) )
                    {
                        // break
                        return false;
                    }
                    else if ( op == overlay::operation_continue ) // operation_boundary
                    {
                        is_union_detected = false;
                    }
                }

                if ( op == overlay::operation_union )
                {
                    is_union_detected = true;
                    m_previous_turn_ptr = boost::addressof(*it);
                }

                return true;
            }
            else
            {
                return false;
            }
        }

        bool is_union_detected;

    private:
        const TurnInfo * m_previous_turn_ptr;
    };
};

template <typename Geometry1, typename Geometry2>
struct areal_linear
{
    typedef linear_areal<Geometry2, Geometry1, true> linear_areal_type;

    static const bool interruption_enabled = linear_areal_type::interruption_enabled;

    template <typename Result, typename Strategy>
    static inline void apply(Geometry1 const& geometry1, Geometry2 const& geometry2,
                             Result & result,
                             Strategy const& strategy)
    {
        linear_areal_type::apply(geometry2, geometry1, result, strategy);
    }

    template <typename BoundaryChecker2, typename Result, typename Strategy>
    static inline void apply(Geometry1 const& geometry1, Geometry2 const& geometry2,
                             BoundaryChecker2 const& boundary_checker2,
                             Result & result,
                             Strategy const& strategy)
    {
        linear_areal_type::apply(geometry2, geometry1, boundary_checker2, result, strategy);
    }
};

}} // namespace detail::relate
#endif // DOXYGEN_NO_DETAIL

}} // namespace boost::geometry

#endif // BOOST_GEOMETRY_ALGORITHMS_DETAIL_RELATE_LINEAR_AREAL_HPP
