r3.neighbors - GRASS GIS manual
Author: GRASS Development Team
Description: r3.neighbors: Makes each voxel value a function of the values assigned to the voxels around it, and stores new voxel values in an output 3D raster map
Keywords: raster3d, algebra, voxel, statistics, aggregation, neighbor, focal statistics, filter

## NAME

r3.neighbors - Makes each voxel value a function of the values assigned to the voxels around it, and stores new voxel values in an output 3D raster map

## KEYWORDS

raster3d, algebra, voxel, statistics, aggregation, neighbor, focal statistics, filter

## SYNOPSIS

r3.neighbors
r3.neighbors --help
r3.neighbors input=name output=name method=string [quantile=float] window=x,y,z [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

### Flags:

--overwrite
  Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--help
  Print usage summary
--verbose
  Verbose module output
--quiet
  Quiet module output
--ui
  Force launching GUI dialog

### Parameters:

input=name [required]
  Name of input 3D raster map
output=name [required]
  Name for output 3D raster map
method=string [required]
  Aggregate operation
  Options: average, median, mode, minimum, maximum, range, stddev, sum, count, variance, diversity, interspersion, quart1, quart3, perc90, quantile
quantile=float
  Quantile to calculate for method=quantile
  Options: 0.0-1.0
window=x,y,z [required]
  The size of the window in x, y and z direction, values must be odd integer numbers, eg: 3,3,3

## DESCRIPTION

r3.neighbors looks at each voxel in a 3D raster input map layer, and examines the values assigned to the voxel in a user-defined "neighborhood" around it. It outputs a new 3D raster map in which each voxel is assigned a value that is a (user-specified) function of the values in that voxel's neighborhood. For example, each voxel in the output map might be assigned a value equal to the average of the values appearing in its 3 x 3 x 3 voxel "neighborhood" in the input map layer.

### OPTIONS

The user must specify the names of the 3D raster map layers to be used for input and output, the method used to analyze neighborhood values (i.e., the neighborhood function or operation to be performed), and the moving window of the neighborhood.

Neighborhood Operation Methods: The neighborhood operators determine what new value a center voxel in a neighborhood will have after examining values inside its neighboring voxels. Each voxel in a 3D raster map layer becomes the center voxel of a neighborhood as the neighborhood window moves from voxel to voxel throughout the map layer. r3.neighbors can perform the following operations:

average
  The average value within the neighborhood.
median
  The value found half-way through a list of the neighborhood's values, when these are ranged in numerical order.
mode
  The most frequently occurring value in the neighborhood.
minimum
  The minimum value within the neighborhood.
maximum
  The maximum value within the neighborhood.
range
  The range value within the neighborhood.
stddev
  The statistical standard deviation of values within the neighborhood.
sum
  The sum of values within the neighborhood.
variance
  The statistical variance of values within the neighborhood.
diversity
  The number of different values within the neighborhood.
interspersion
  The percentage of voxels containing values which differ from the values assigned to the center voxel in the neighborhood, plus 1.

Neighborhood Size: The neighborhood moving window specifies which voxel surrounding any given voxel fall into the neighborhood for that voxel. The window must be three comma separated odd integers. The dimension order is: x,y,z. For example: the parameter window=3,3,3 specifies a moving window (a cube) with 27 voxel.

## NOTES

The r3.neighbors program works in the current geographic region. It is recommended, but not required, that the 3D resolution of the geographic region be the same as that of the 3D raster map layer.

r3.neighbors doesn't propagate NULLs, but computes the aggregation over the non-NULL voxels in the neighborhood.

## SEE ALSO

g.region
r.neighbors
r3.mapcalc
r3.stats
r3.support

## AUTHOR

Soeren Gebbert

## SOURCE CODE

Available at: r3.neighbors source code (history)

Accessed: Monday Jul 13 00:51:20 2026

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